@article { author = {Ahmed, M. M. and Farghal, O. A. and Nagah, A. K. and Haridy, A. A.}, title = {Effect of Confining Method on the Ductility of Over-Reinforced Concrete Beams}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {35}, number = {No 3}, pages = {617-633}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2007.112873}, abstract = {Most design codes limit the amount of tensile reinforcement in beams to avoid the brittle failure. However, sometimes a high percentage of steel reinforcement is used in order to minimize structural depth and still provide adequate stiffness. The objective of this work is to investigate and evaluate the methods of improving the behavior of over-reinforced beams. The effect of different types of techniques on the enhancement of strength and ductility of such beams was presented. An experimental and theoretical study of the behavior of fourteen over-reinforced, either internally confined or externally plated C. beams with 240 cm length and a cross-section of 15 x 23cm were carried out. Variables such as helix pitch, helix diameter, concrete compressive strength, longitudinal reinforcement ratio and confining with steel plate were considered. The results were discussed, analyzed and compared with those obtained theoretically. The results indicated the contribution of proposed techniques to the structural ductility for improving behaviour of such over-reinforced concrete beams. Finally some valuable conclusions and recommendations were given.}, keywords = {over-reinforced,confining,helically reinforced,Ductility,plated beams}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_112873.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_112873_2c7b7c251504decffc7de61b17fce2e0.pdf} } @article { author = {Abdel-Raheem Fargaly, Ahmed and Aly, Fayez k., Aly G. and M. S., Hosny}, title = {Evaluation of Using Conventional Analytical Methods for the Design of Cylindrical Shells with Vertical Plates through A Comprehensive 3-Diminsional Analysis}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {35}, number = {No 3}, pages = {635-643}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2007.112899}, abstract = {Two-dimensional structures like plates and cylindrical shells must be analyzed in the two directions simultaneously to get a true analysis of these structures, but in traditional methods these structures are analyzed by solving each direction alone as one-dimensional structures without taking into consideration the effect of the other direction. This approximation in analysis tends to give big differences in deformations, displacements, and straining actions. Due to theory of plasticity, the plane strain in X-direction tends to contribute of strain in Y-direction. To make a fruitful comparison between spatial and traditional methods one model solved in textbooks was taken into consideration. This model is a cylindrical shell solved by spatial method with the same conditions of the solved traditional method model, but with 3-d model. The straining actions of two methods were compared. Normal force in the spatial method was bigger than traditional method by 4 times, the transverse bending moments in traditional method were much bigger than corresponding values in spatial method by values ranging between 40- 140%, and the longitudinal normal stresses in traditional method were bigger than spatial method in compression by 40% and in tension by 100%. This proved that traditional method overestimates the straining action and stresses compared to the spatial method based on 3 dimensional analyses.}, keywords = {shells - spatial analysis,Finite Element}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_112899.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_112899_b174b273c6323744e123398c4d0776fc.pdf} } @article { author = {M. Soghair, Hosny and H. Ahmed, Mahmoud and M. Ahmed, Mohamed and H. Awadallah, Zakaria}, title = {Structural Performance of Concrete Beams Reinforced with CFRP Rods or Hybrid Reinforcement}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {35}, number = {No 3}, pages = {645-663}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2007.112905}, abstract = {Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) rods; such as Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer rods (CFRP), are becoming the new wave of the future as a main reinforcement in concrete structures. Beams reinforced with this reinforcement had a reduction in ductility and stiffness. To improve the structural performance of such beams hybrid reinforcement; i.e. a combination of steel bars and CFRP rods have been proposed. This experimental study aims to throw a light on the flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with CFRP rods only and hybrid reinforcement. Eighteen concrete beams reinforced with different types and ratios of reinforcement (steel bars, CFRP rods or hybrid) were tested under mid span load up to failure. Pattern, width and spacing of cracks, modes of failure were observed, cracking and ultimate loads were recorded, deflections, and strains were measured. A comprehensive discussion for the obtained results was undertaken. Cracking load, ultimate load, mid span deflection and crack width for the tested beams were also theoretically predicted. A comparison between the predicted values with the corresponding experimental results was also given. An adequate level of ductility and stiffness in hybrid reinforced members was observed. Finally the conclusions and recommendations that are useful for the structural engineers in this concern are drawn.}, keywords = {R.C beams,FRP rods,Carbon Fiber Rods,deflection,Cracking,Ductility,hybrid reinforcement}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_112905.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_112905_eaf3f5dfca9c6475b8bc84399dff2fa4.pdf} } @article { author = {Abdel Badie, Sharkawy}, title = {Adaptive Fuzzy Identification for Nonlinear SISO Systems}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {35}, number = {No 3}, pages = {665-680}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2007.114004}, abstract = {This paper investigates how SISO nonlinear systems can be adaptively identified using fuzzy systems which are independent of human knowledge. The proposed methodology uses the on-line data to build up the fuzzy system which approximate the nonlinear dynamics. After filtering the input, the nonlinear system is approximated by a set of fuzzy rules that describes the local linear systems. The Lyapunov direct method is utilized to derive the adaptive law of the proposed identification procedure. Theoretical results are simulated on a one-link robot. Results show that the proposed on-line identifier can consistently track mechanical friction and pay-load variations.}, keywords = {Adaptive fuzzy models,identification,filter design,Lyapunov direct method,One-link robot}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_114004.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_114004_33a4528ff61a7c6ededbf703955f8c1f.pdf} } @article { author = {Dewidar, Montasser and Abdel-Razek, Khalil and Bhattarai, Shanta Raj}, title = {New Fabrication Method of Porous Ti-6Al-4v Parts and Subsequent Proliferation and Differentiation of Osteoblast Cells}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {35}, number = {No 3}, pages = {681-696}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2007.114008}, abstract = {Metallic porous materials are designed to allow the ingrowth of living tissue inside the pores and to improve the mechanical anchorage of the implant. In the present study, the production of highly porous Ti-6Al-4V parts by powder metallurgical technology and subsequently uses it in invitro bone tissue engineering is described. A space-holder method using carbamide to produce parts with porosities between 35 and 70% was used. Mechanical properties of parts were determined by compressive test. The porous parts are characterized by using scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, study was demonstrated to investigate the effects of 3 different porosities of on proliferation, differentiation and cell-matrix interaction of mouse osteoblast-like cells, MC-3T3. Results showed the cell proliferation was significantly (p < 0.05) higher on 70% porous Ti-6Al-4V. However, synthesis of different types of extra cellular matrix proteins was also more abundant on 70% porous Ti-6Al-4V than 35 and 50% porous Ti-6Al-4V disk except some specific proteins. An increase in alkaline phosphate activity was significantly (p < 0.05) higher on 70 and 50% porous Ti-6Al-4V disk after 12 days of MC-3T3 cells incubation. The results indicated that porosity (nearly 70%) of porous Ti6Al-4V topography affects proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast like MC-3T3 cells. The results showed that this novel process is promise to fabricate porous biomaterials for bone implants.}, keywords = {Ti-6Al-4V,Porous material,Space-holder,Mechanical Properties,Cell proliferation}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_114008.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_114008_79f7379053cb140b71771b5bc9577ad3.pdf} } @article { author = {A. Mobarak, Youssef}, title = {Arc Furnace Loads Voltage Stability}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {35}, number = {No 3}, pages = {697-711}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2007.112913}, abstract = {The use of the arc furnace and its influence on the power system is being studied. A set of models that allows for the evaluation of the electrical behavior during steady state is presented in this paper. The results are presented and used to validate them. Detection of steady-state voltage instabilities is performed through certain mathematical criteria. Among those arc furnace load criteria (dEs /dVp) criterion, L-indicator criterion, and (ZTh /ZLoad) criterion. The result of those criteria has been checked using the critical voltage value of arc furnace load node, which represents criterion quantities.}, keywords = {Power Quality,Arc Furnace,Voltage stability}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_112913.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_112913_bfdba773d5004d73c31df9d28d0dc954.pdf} } @article { author = {M. Shaaban, Khaled and F. Aljunaid, Abdulmajeed}, title = {Reinforcement Learning for Designing Tendon-Driven Anthropomorphic Robot Hand}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {35}, number = {No 3}, pages = {713-728}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2007.113994}, abstract = {One of the problems common to tendon-driven anthropomorphic robot hands is the dependency problem. Dependency arises when guiding tendons around joints not through the center of articulation which makes the length of the tendon paths for some joints depend upon the angle of other joints. Instead of the bulky mechanical solutions for this problem, this work proposes handling this problem at the software level. The core of the solution is a mapping-function that associates the desired joint angles to the correct servomotor angles accounting for all the dependencies in the system. The geometrical analysis to get this function is difficult due to the complexity of the paths of the tendons around the phalanxes of the fingers. This work proposes getting this function through learning. Using model based learning requires the equally complex analysis to build the model. Therefore, this work proposes learning by interacting with the real physical system. To evaluate the system a simple setup of an anthropomorphic robot hand was developed and used to evaluate the performance of the proposed technique. The test was done on the index finger.}, keywords = {Anthropomorphic Robot Hand,Reinforcement Learning,Dependency Problem and Tendons}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_113994.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_113994_46bd482cfaddb626e36952610c319bc7.pdf} } @article { author = {Ahmed, A.}, title = {Visualization of the Effect of UPFC on Power Flow Characterestics}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {35}, number = {No 3}, pages = {729-742}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2007.113995}, abstract = {This paper presents an investigation and visualization of the effect of UPFC on power flow characteristics by incorporating it in a simple twobus system. The UPFC is represented by two ideal voltage sources each of them is connected in series with a reactance. This model investigates the nonlinearity of UPFC on the power system load flow problem. Since the various UPFC variables equations are non-linear, a form of vector presentation in complex power plane is used to visualize the effect of different control variables of UPFC on line power transfer. This visualization helps to identify the effectiveness of each one of control variables on power control region.}, keywords = {Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS),Unified power flow controller (UPFC),Load flow analysis,MATLAB}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_113995.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_113995_9591831183b88a28c171c38efebd12aa.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohamed EL-Bahy, Mahmoud}, title = {Fields and Surface Irregularity Factors of Stranded Conductors in Co-Axial Cylinder Configurations}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {35}, number = {No 3}, pages = {743-754}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2007.113996}, abstract = {This paper aims to investigate theoretically the electric fields and the surface irregularity factors for stranded conductors in pressurized air and SF6 in co-axial cylinder configurations. The surface irregularity factor is defined as the ratio of the corona onset voltage of a stranded conductor to that of a smooth cylindrical conductor of the same outer diameter. This calls for the assessment of the electric field in the vicinity of the stressed conductor and the corona onset voltage. The investigated gap is a three dimensional field problem. To solve this problem, charge simulation technique (CST) is used, where the simulation charges for stressed and grounded conductors are helical of infinite length. The method of corona onset voltage calculation is based on the criterion developed for the formation of repetitive negative corona Trichel pulses. The effects of varying conductor radius, gas pressure, stranding ratio on the irregularity factor values are investigated. The calculated values of irregularity factor in air agree well with those calculated and measured before.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_113996.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_113996_b535abecc4829767d012ac64f72d3d20.pdf} } @article { author = {H. Al-Sakaf, Omar}, title = {Combined Heat and Power Distributed Generation for Higher Fuel Efficiency in Industrial Plants in Yemen}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {35}, number = {No 3}, pages = {755-764}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2007.113997}, abstract = {Industry in Yemen is of small scale; most of industrial plants rely on themselves to meet their power needs, with apparently very low fuel efficiency. Combined heat and power generation, which is the simultaneous generation of heat and power using a single fuel such as natural gas, with overall fuel efficiencies of more than 80%, is still not introduced and not known. This paper aims at highlighting the possible technical, economical and environmental advantages of introducing combined heat and power units, and discusses barriers to their introduction. Finally, a practical approach to gradual combined heat and power introduction is proposed.}, keywords = {Combined Heat and Power Generation,Distributed power generation,Fuel Efficiency,Policy Framework,Gradual Introduction}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_113997.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_113997_9c6f5ef920a7f3afc7717e3b5a48e490.pdf} } @article { author = {H. Al-Sakaf, Omar}, title = {Prioritization of Climate Change Adaptation Measures Using Participatory Multi-Criteria Analysis}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {35}, number = {No 3}, pages = {765-777}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2007.113998}, abstract = {This paper shows how participatory Multi-Criteria Analysis can be successfully used to prioritize potential adaptation measures to climate change. Participatory planning workshops with broad participation of key stakeholders were held to discuss the set of un-prioritized adaptation measures, to solicit input on project priorities based on proposed evaluation criteria. A Multi-Criteria Analysis ranking matrix was used with weighted scores and ranking with great importance attached to some of the criteria as proposed by the participants. In this way, the participants were able – based on 'objective' not 'subjective' selection – to come to shortlists containing the priority climate change adaptation measures for the vulnerable sectors under consideration.}, keywords = {Adaptation Measures,Climate Change,Prioritization,Multi-Criteria Analysis}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_113998.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_113998_0b4fb686f3121bfe1fd486b372a41b39.pdf} } @article { author = {Azzam, M. and Mousa, A. A.}, title = {Using Genetic Algorithm and Topsis Technique for Multiobjective Reactive Power Compensation}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {35}, number = {No 3}, pages = {779-793}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2007.113999}, abstract = {A new approach to solve the multiobjective Reactive Power Compensation (RPC) problem is presented. It is based on the combination of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and the  -dominance concept. The algorithm maintains a finite-sized archive of non-dominated solutions (Pareto solution) which gets iteratively updated in the presence of new solutions based on the concept of  -dominance. The use of  -dominance makes the algorithms practical by allowing a decision maker (DM) able to control the resolution of the Pareto set approximation according to his needs. The proposed approach is suitable to RPC problem where the objective functions may be ill-defined and having nonconvex Pareto-optimal front. It gives a reasonable freedom in choosing compensation devices from the available commercial devices. It may save computing time in cases of small archive. Moreover to help the DM to extract the best compromise solution from a finite set of alternatives a TOPSIS (Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method is adopted. It is based upon simultaneous minimization of distance from an ideal point (IP) and maximization of distance from a nadir point (NP). The proposed approach is carried out on the standard IEEE 30-bus 6- genrator test system. The results demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach to generate true and well-distributed Pareto-optimal nondominated solutions of the multiobjective RPC problem in one single run. The result also confirms the proposed approach potential to solve the multiobjective RPC problem.}, keywords = {Reactive power compensation,Evolutionary algorithms,Multiobjective optimization,TOPSIS}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_113999.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_113999_fc1f9501ad3d5a47bf5efb30acac6114.pdf} } @article { author = {Khalaf Ismail, Zohair}, title = {Food Irradiation is it the Global Food Preservation Method for Future?}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {35}, number = {No 3}, pages = {795-800}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2007.114010}, abstract = {Although the food supply in the United States has achieved a high level of safety, in recent years there has been an increase of illness and deaths related to unsafe food. With scientists in government, professional organizations, and industry all pointing to food borne illness as their largest food safety concern, consumers are becoming aware of the microbiological hazards that may be associated with their food. One solution to the problem of unsafe food is food irradiation. Food irradiation may solve the problem of harmful bacteria that causes foodpoisoning and also preserve food to prolong shelf life and retard spoilage. The method has been researched and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but are consumers ready for food irradiation? Is the process safe? What are the risks involved in this process to both the food we eat and to the environment?}, keywords = {Irradiation,Food preservation,harmful bacteria}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_114010.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_114010_9a378e41c2e3d9ceb146a001abf9791f.pdf} } @article { author = {Khalaf Ismail, Zohair}, title = {Comparative Study of Hydrocarbon Fuel Reforming Processes and Production Yields of synthesis Gases of h2, co2 and co.}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {35}, number = {No 3}, pages = {801-813}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2007.114012}, abstract = {Theoretical study was conducted to investigate the distinction between cracking systems process technologies. The purpose is to feed pure hydrogen gas to the fuel cell as the renewable energy power source. Three types fuels of Hydrocarbon were involved namely gasoline, iso-octane and diesel. Theoretical calculations and synthesis gases of hydrogen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were carried on. Steam reforming process of gasoline achieved a conversion of 68%, 75% for iso-octane and 55% for diesel. Auto thermal reforming produced 55% of H2 for gasoline via 35% for iso-octane and diesel. The process of dry reforming produced 50% of H2 for gasoline and 35% for iso-octane and diesel. The amounts of CO2 were analyzed for the cracking processes of the same gases. CO2 generated in steam reforming was 40, 35 for iso-octane and 25% for diesel. Auto thermal reforming amount was 25% of CO2 for gasoline and 28% for iso-octane and 40% for diesel. Dry reforming process reached an amount of gas of 35% of gas for steam reforming process of gasoline and 30 for iso-octane and 25% for diesel. Generation of CO gas for gasoline, iso-octane and diesel were also performed. Steam reforming processes contain 30%, 30%, 35%; respectively. Auto thermal cracking produces 30%, 30%, 45% of CO; respectively and in comparison with 35%, 25%, 44% of CO from dry reforming type processes. Data regarding cracking reforming chemical process [1, 2] were evaluated and recognized some disagreement.}, keywords = {Steam reforming,Auto thermal,Dry reforming,Diesel,iso-octane,gasoline}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_114012.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_114012_a8fb57ab9692233977eab65ba7f88aff.pdf} } @article { author = {F. Yassin, Mohamed}, title = {Experimental Study on Turbulence Flow Characteristics Over A Step Model}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {35}, number = {No 3}, pages = {829-834}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2007.114315}, abstract = {The present work investigates the turbulence characteristics of a boundary layer flow over a two-dimensional step model with a rough surface. A hot wire Constant Temperature Anemometer (CTA) system with a split fiber probe and an X-type probe is used to investigate the turbulence characteristics in a wind tunnel experiments under neutral conditions. Two different types of windbreak fence are set on the step model surface. Porosities () of the fence are 0% and 50%. Measurements analysis includes mean velocity, turbulent velocity, Reynolds stress, turbulent energy and eddy viscosity profiles over the step model surface and in the wake region. The results obtained are as the following: a) Wind speed without fence is higher than that in the other cases adjacent to the solid surface, b) Flow separation is quite small at the windward corner of the step without fence and porous fence, and c) Distortion of flow at the windward corner of the step creates steep gradient of the velocity and large turbulent mixing.}, keywords = {Air flow over mountain,step model, windbreak fence, wind tunnel}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_114315.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_114315_3733ce42ab69dc9c39853e8ec804acba.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohamed Hassan, Nouby}, title = {Architectural Space from Modernism to Deconstruction: A Critical Overview}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {35}, number = {No 3}, pages = {835-851}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2007.114317}, abstract = {The research dilemma of this paper lies in the arguable differences on the directions of deconstruction theory in architecture. The primary inquiry of this study focuses on these differences in addition to identifying the contributions of deconstruction on architectural spaces. However difficult, the paper provides an attempt through a comparison between the architectural theories of modernism and deconstruction (represented by Mies Van Der Rohe and Frank Owen Gehry respectively), in terms of thoughts and works in relation to architectural spaces. The research methodology adopts a critical view by conducting a comparative analysis study for architectural spaces in modernism and deconstruction. Some of the important results of this study include asserting that architectural spaces are principally different in deconstruction compared to modernism in their boundaries, status, and the architectural character of buildings enclosing these spaces. The substantial change of the architectural spaces in deconstruction has come out through the variances of space boundaries, their architectural status internally and externally, and examining new shapes that are not bounded to familiar rules. This is in addition to stimulating the observer’s view and attracting the attention while navigating the space wherein exquisite and natural views are utilized.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_114317.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_114317_c370a86890b11718118d588e3ac20873.pdf} }