@article { author = {Mohamed Mobarak, Wael and Aboelmagd, Yasser}, title = {Types of Works in Construction Projects in Terms of Effectiveness When Applying Value Engineering in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {49}, number = {No 6}, pages = {704-733}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2021.80878.1058}, abstract = {In construction projects,reduce the cost while keeping the level of quality is an important matter, which defined as Value Engineering(VE). The main concern of VE is to search for the most effective type of works in construction projects to save project direct cost by maximizing or keeping target quality for the studied project. It is a difficult challenge to keep a balance between maximizing project quality with corresponding its minimum cost and duration at the same time. When the value-engineering process is used, each factor affecting the cost is taken into consideration all detailed studies as a specific unified factor to determine its suitable alternatives. This Paper investigates ordering the types of works in terms of effectiveness in the cost saving using the value engineering process for construction projects in Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire has been used to obtain results of only valid samples from all 205 responses, which analyzed and discussed. This study concerned with types of works in a correlation with the four main engineering categories; construction, mechanical, electrical and finishing work. The results indicate the difference effect of using value engineering between these major categories of construction engineering works. Finally, the importance score index applied to appraise the influence of the tested types of works when applying VE process on the project cost.This paper also serves as a resource and guide for construction managers, contractors, and more efficient management in the construction of Saudi projects in order to achieve a sustainable level of cost and quality.}, keywords = {value engineering,Affecting Factors,Construction projects,Relative Importance Index and Saudi Arabia}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_189809.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_189809_9a5c8fba53f814f6f1129a301993ecf7.pdf} } @article { author = {Aboelmagd, Yasser}, title = {Simulating Cash Flow Model for Mega Construction Projects in Egypt}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {49}, number = {No 6}, pages = {734-752}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2021.79839.1056}, abstract = {This research presents a cash flow construction road projects prediction model. The model based upon actual current invoices analysis and payments data of road construction projects. Initial results indicate that this simple model is best way for predicting future cash flows especially construction road projects. The main concern is to look at highway road tender projects. This investigation could be used by road authorities who manage multiple projects. It could be used for providing a forecast technique of new project payments. Latest researches from General Authority for Road, Bridges and Land Transporting (GARBLT) projects from 2003 to 2020 were analyzed. This data is used to implement mathematical models for road construction to represent monthly payment invoices for different projects types. Cost estimates of financial data were collected from 78 highway road contracts which are consist of 46 highway strengthening contracts and 32 highway overlay contracts. All collected data from field was arranged into main categories and/or subcategories according to project type and contract amount. A polynomial regression analysis for seventh degree is done for all collected data, and then regression curve is constructed. Statistically equations were performed and taken into research consideration to can provide payment curve expectation. Finally, proposed built in model by using Microsoft Excel was implemented to develop investigation results. The proposed model was named as Multi Road Projects Cash Flow Model "MRPCFM".}, keywords = {Construction Management,Road Construction,prediction model,Spread Sheets, Cash Flow}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_190856.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_190856_ae2435f76bd339412432db447a04333f.pdf} } @article { author = {Saleh Abdeljalil, Sara and Mohamed Lotfy Elkady, Shawkat and Sayed Mahmoud, Ayman}, title = {Observing the transformations of Iraqi house designs in Baghdad and Samawah: A comparative study of the period (1980-2020). رصد تحولات تصميم المسکن العراقي في مدينتي بغداد والسماوة: دراسة مقارنة في الفترة بين عامي (1980-2020م)}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {49}, number = {No 6}, pages = {753-777}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2021.85150.1063}, abstract = {The research addresses the transformations of Iraqi house designs during the period (1980-2020) represented by the cities of Baghdad and Samawah as a case study, adopting the analytical descriptive approach to study house designs, and inductive approach to reach the results. The research process was through an office and field study of the two cities, which dealt with the comparison of pre-war houses (1980-1990), during the war and siege houses (1990-2010) until now.In order to reach the house design transformations caused by the war and siege in the two cities, a comparison was made between the types of houses from both cities and in several aspects, including:• Spaces, mass and void ratio. • Direction• Internal spaces • External spaces• Facades and exterior configurationBy comparison, each city had its own housing type during the 1980s, and gradually the designs in both cities began to resemble principles and ideas in later periods due to events and large intercity migration. The research found a set of results that the events of the period studied had a significant impact on the design of the houses in the cities, where the designs were more stable at the beginning of the period studied, and then became unstable in the 1990s and early 21st century, down to the current type, which is more stable than the previous period (the period of siege). يتناول البحث بالدراسة والتحليل تحولات تصميم المسکن العراقي خلال الفترة ما بين (1980-2020م) متخذا مدينتي بغداد والسماوة حالة دراسية، معتمدا المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لدراسة نماذج تصاميم المساکن والمنهج الاستقرائي للوصول إلى النتائج. من خلال إجراء دراسة مکتبية وميدانية للمدينتين، والتي تناولت المقارنة بين المساکن قبل الحرب (1980-1990م) وخلال الحرب والحصار (1990-2010م) حتى الوقت الراهن. وللوصول إلى التحولات التي حدثت بسبب الحرب والحصار في المدينتين، تم إجراء مقارنة بين مساکن المدينتين ومن عدة جوانب تشمل: المساحات ونسبة الکتلة والفراغ. التوجيه. فراغات المسکن الداخلية. الفراغات الخارجية. الواجهات والتشکيل الخارجي. تم التوصل من خلال المقارنة، أن لکل من مدينتي بغداد والسماوة نمط مسکن خاص بها خلال فترة الثمانينيات، ثم تدريجيا بدأت تتشابه التصاميم في المبادئ والأفکار في الفترات اللاحقة بسبب الأحداث التي حدثت والهجرة الکبيرة بين المدن. توصل البحث إلى مجموعة نتائج تتلخص في کون أحداث الفترة المدروسة قد أثرت بشکل کبير على تصميم المسکن في المدينتين، حيث کانت التصاميم أکثر استقرارا في فترة الثمانينيات، ثم أصبحت غير مستقرة في التسعينيات وبداية القرن الواحد والعشرين، وصولا إلى النمط الحالي والذي هو أکثر استقرارا من الفترة السابقة (فترة الحصار).}, keywords = {Keywords: Iraqi Houses,House Design,Transformations of Iraqi Houses تصميم المسکن - المسکن العراقي - تحولات المسکن العراقي}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_191803.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_191803_9533ceb1d2d12b840a74b5ed0b8c5d4e.pdf} } @article { author = {Hassanien Al-Sayed, Said and elsayed, youssef}, title = {Urban Structure Transformation between the Role of Urban Planning Methods and Real Estate Market Force – Case Study: the New Millennial Cities in Egypt}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {49}, number = {No 6}, pages = {778-798}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2021.65113.1035}, abstract = {ABSRACT:Over the past forty years, many new cities have emerged in Egypt, including millennial cities. It is noticed that there are many urban changes in these cities since the beginning of their inception until now. Including city area, patterns, characteristics, rates and percentages of land uses within the city as the decrease or increase of some elements ratios, disappearing of some uses, in addition to transfer of some uses from its usual place to another inside the city. UN- Habitat conclude that many reasons have led to these changes as the change of housing policies and the strong participation of private sector who use an innovative model based on customer preferences in development of many cities areas and also the change of housing policies. This new model depends on replacing the domestic basic services in the centers by green areas and recreational.The research aims to monitor the changes and urban transformations occurring within the major millennial cities within Greater Cairo region in Egypt since the beginning of its inception at late 1970s up to now, studying the different reasons that led to these changes, then deriving some indicators and set guide lines and put foundations and standards that help to develop urban planning of major new Millennial cities structure in Egypt.}, keywords = {New Millennial Cities,Urban changes and transformations,Urban Planning,Housing policies and housing patterns}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_192983.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_192983_fdc3cf919082279d1957eae5f98beccd.pdf} } @article { author = {Mahrous, Mohammed Esam and AbdelKarim, Nady M and Ahmed, Mostafa}, title = {Study on the ability of housing projects in new cities to attract middle-income residents: a case study on New Cairo City دراسة لمدي قدرة مشاريع الإسکان في المدن الجديدة لجذب سکان فئة متوسطي الدخل: دراسة حالة عن مدينة القاهرة الجديدة}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {49}, number = {No 6}, pages = {799-821}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2021.89553.1067}, abstract = {One of the most pressing issues confronting developing countries is their ability to provide affordable housing to middle and lower-income groups. This issue affects Egypt because of its economic challenges as well as the increasing population growth rate, and it manifest primarily in the middle class category, which is the largest segment of the population whose economic capabilities do not reach the material well-being of the upper class to obtain the housing units they desire. The middle class also has more aspirations than the low-income group to obtain adequate housing, and is highly dependent on its income compared to the low-income group that dependents largely on government support. The development of new cities is considered one of the potential solutions to the housing problem in general and to the middle class in particular. This article, accordingly, examines the housing sector at the outset by describing the housing situation in Egypt as well as the gap between the supply and demand in the real estate market. It then identifies the middle class socially and economically and the capabilities and needs of this population group. The article then explores different assessment criteria for the middle housing systems adopted from the Egyptian ministry of housing and utilities in cooperation with the United Nations office in Egypt and apply these indicators to four housing projects in the New Cairo city (the largest city around the larger region of Cairo). These projects represents the main agents responsible for providing housing units in Egypt  including the government, private, and cooperative sectors. The assessment indicators were divided into four criteria (schematic and architectural, economic, social, administrative and organizational) and it was found that the proximity rate to the overall average of these criteria did not exceed an average of sixty percent for all the four projects indicating an apparent imbalance in the middle-class housing market. This shortage appears in factors - rather than the quantity of available units - which affects the functioning of the housing market. The article concludes by highlighting the gap between what is implemented on the ground and what is actually needed for the middle class group, and hence the extraction of recommendations to avoid these gaps. تعتبر مشکلة الإسکان واحدة من أهم المشاکل التي تواجه الدول النامية، وذلک من خلال عدم قدرتها علي توفير سکن ميسور التکلفة للفئات متوسطي ومحدودي الدخل، هذه المشکلة تعاني منها مصر نظرا للتحديات الاقتصادية لديها بالإضافة أيضا إلي معدل الزيادة السکنية المتزايد. تلک المشکلة تمس بشکل أساسي الطبقة المتوسطة التي تمثل أکبر شريحة سکانية، هذه الفئة قدراتهم الاقتصادية لا تصل الي الرفاهية المادية للطبقة العليا کما أن الفئة المتوسطة لديها من الطموحات ما يفوق فئة محدودي الدخل في الحصول على سکن ملائم، وتکون معتمدة علي إمکانيتها بشکل کبير، ويعتبر إنشاء المدن الجديدة أحد الحلول لمشکلة الإسکان بصفة عامة وللفئة متوسطة الدخل بشکل خاص. ويقوم البحث بدراسة هذا القطاع الإسکاني بداية بتوصيف الحالة الإسکانية في مصر وأسباب حدوث فجوة بين سوق العرض والطلب للسوق العقاري، ومن ثم التعرف علي الطبقة المتوسطة اجتماعيا واقتصاديا وما هي قدرات واحتياجات هذه الفئة السکانية، ويتبع ذلک دراسة لمؤشرات تقييم أنظمة الإسکان المتوسط وتطبيق هذه المؤشرات علي أربع مشاريع إسکان في أکبر المدن المحيطة بإقليم القاهرة الکبرى الأکثر اکتظاظا وهي مدينة القاهرة الجديدة. وقد تم تقسيم هذه المؤشرات الي أربع معايير: (تخطيطية ومعمارية، اقتصادية، اجتماعية، إدارية وتنظيمية) ووجد أن معدل الاقتراب للمتوسط العام لهذه المعايير هو 60% مما يوضح وجود مواطن خلل في سوق الإسکان للفئة المتوسطة هذا الخلل يتمثل في السعر وأنماط الحيازة ومساحات الوحدات المعروضة – وليس في الکمية – وهذا الذي يؤثر علي أداء سوق الإسکان لوظائفه، واستنتاج المؤشرات التي يوجد بها فجوة بين ما هو منفذ علي ارض الواقع وما هو في الاحتياج الفعلي للطبقة المتوسطة، ومن ثم استخراج توصيات لتفادي هذه الفجوات.}, keywords = {housing crisis,middle income group,new cities,New Cairo أزمة الإسکان,فئة متوسطة الدخل,المدن الجديدة,القاهرة الجديدة}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_194338.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_194338_7c3e2dec7ef154fc410a4fbfc3280403.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohamed, Hajer and El-Lithy, Khaled Mohamed Ahmed and Hassan, Nouby M}, title = {The Role of Social Mechanisms in Achieving the Optimal Healing Environment for Oncology Patients Rooms (Adolescents and Young Adults Category-AYA) الاليات الاجتماعية ودورها فى تحقيق البيئة الاستشفائية المثلى لغرف مرضى الأورام فئة المراهقين وصغار البالغين}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {49}, number = {No 6}, pages = {822-849}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2021.80232.1057}, abstract = {This paper discusses the importance of social mechanisms as one of key elements for achieving optimal healing environment-OHE for oncology patients' rooms, by overviewing the current status of some oncology centers, which focus solely on providing medical treatment without taking into account social, psychological, emotional and spiritual needs of patients, which in turn negatively affect the treatment and recovery of patients, especially adolescents and young adults–AYA, where the challenges of emotional and social resulting from cancer with challenges resulting from adolescence and adulthood. This paper aims to extract social mechanisms for oncology patient rooms, and indicate their role and priorities which will be applied with matching needs of patients of AYA category, mitigating their disorders, and impacts on patients' health outcomes. This paper attempts to reach the best appropriate model to achieve these mechanisms, by analyzing the current situation of selected samples from case study of the South Egypt Cancer Institute in Asyut. Through this analysis, this paper presents a set of results and recommendations that should be followed to develop patient rooms, which take into account the provision of social mechanisms and the implementing priorities depending on impact level of each element in order to reach the suitable setting for the optimal healing environment of the room. This paper relies the analytical descriptive approach to deal with the research problem by revising literature that dealt with the characterization and analyzing the needs of AYA oncologists in patient rooms, identifying the disorders and effects of the disease on this category, then identifying the appropriate social mechanisms that can be match their needs in the rooms. An analytical and deductive approach is followed through implementing various research tools and procedures to analyze the coverage of current status to know how these mechanisms are achieved within different models of patient rooms and how they affect patient health, then to analyze data and outcomes results. Finally, this paper concludes with a comprehensive chart of social mechanisms’ matrix suitable for optimal healing environment in AYA patients’ rooms.   تناقش الورقة البحثية أهمية الآليات الاجتماعية کأحد العناصر الأساسية لتحقيق منظومة البيئة الاستشفائية المثلى لغرف مرضى الأورام، فمن خلال دراسة واقع بعض مراکز علاج الأورام تبين أنها ترکز على تقديم العلاج الطبي فقط دون الأخذ في الاعتبار تلبية الاحتياجات الاجتماعية والنفسية والعاطفية للمرضى بما يؤثر سلباً على علاج المرضى وسرعة الشفاء خاصة فئة المراهقين وصغار البالغين، حيث تتداخل التحديات العاطفية والاجتماعية الناتجة عن المرض مع تحديات مرحلة المراهقة والبلوغ. تهدف الورقة البحثية إلى استخلاص الآليات الاجتماعية (کأحد آليات تحقيق البيئة الاستشفائية المثلى) لغرف مرضى الأورام، وبيان دورها وأولويات تطبيقها في تلبية احتياجات المرضى فئة المراهقين وصغار البالغين، والتخفيف من اضطراباتهم، وتقييم الوضع الراهن للبيئة المبنية لمعرفة مدى تحقيق هذه الآليات.   تحاول الورقة البحثية تحديد أفضل نماذج الغرف الملائمة لتحقيق هذه الآليات من خلال تحليل نماذج مختارة من معهد جنوب مصر للأورام بمدينة أسيوط، ومن خلال هذه التحليلات تعرض مجموعة من النتائج والتوصيات اللازمة لتطوير غرف المرضى بحيث تراعي توفير الآليات الاجتماعية وأولويات تطبيقها تبعاً لدرجة تأثير کل منها وصولاً إلى استيفاء متطلبات الوضع الأمثل للبيئة الاستشفائية للغرفة.   تعتمد الورقة البحثية على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي للتعامل مع المشکلة البحثية من خلال دراسة الأدبيات التي تناولت توصيف وتحليل احتياجات مرضى الأورام فئة المراهقين وصغار البالغين، والتعرف على اضطرابات وتأثيرات المرض على هذه الفئة، ومن ثم تحديد الآليات الاجتماعية الملائمة، تبعه المنهج التحليلي الاستنباطي من خلال استخدام الأدوات والإجراءات البحثية المختلفة لتحليل الوضع الراهن ومعرفة مدى تحقق هذه الآليات داخل البيئة المبنية لنماذج غرف المرضى، ومن ثم تحليل ما تم التوصل إليه من بيانات ونتائج. تخلص الورقة البحثية إلى وضع تصور شامل لمصفوفة الآليات الاجتماعية الملائمة للمرضى فئة المراهقين وصغار البالغين.}, keywords = {Optimal Healing Environment,Social Mechanisms,Patient Rooms,Oncology patients' needs,Adolescents and Young Adults. البيئة الاستشفائية المثلى، الآليات الاجتماعية، غرف المرضى، احتياجات مرضى الأورام، فئة المراهقين وصغار البالغين}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_196362.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_196362_07c953ae95403cc362a2554e94734e47.pdf} } @article { author = {Hassanien Al-Sayed, Said}, title = {The role of strategic planning in Spatial Competing between planned and unplanned urban areas (Case study: Urban Areas of Greater Cairo)}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {49}, number = {No 6}, pages = {850-870}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2021.66281.1037}, abstract = {Several urban studies have concluded that the urban uses compete and fight to dominate different areas of the city. The services and commercial uses usually dominate the city centers and the areas with high value due to its accessibility, while the residential uses dominate the areas near to the services centers and jobs generator areas. Unplanned residential areas usually occupy the out-skirt areas of the city, and Industrial uses are also looking for areas of lower value especially those that are environmentally and spatially suitable.The research will focus on studying the relationships between the planning processes and its steps and its role in the competition for control of urban areas to turn the areas into a planned or unplanned area, especially with the implementation of the comprehensive planning approach for long periods from 1950th until 2008 where the strategic planning approach was applied for guiding urban development plan, but it has not shown a clear positive impact on locating urban areas and uses in the city because of private property ownership which can't be controlled by law, and also could not prevent any occupation of land areas by the domestic land use.Research Aim: To create and reinforce some strategic planning tools that contributes to solve the conflict between planned and unplanned areas, and to create a map that illustrate the interaction between planned and unplanned urban areas inside the city.}, keywords = {Strategic planning methodology,unplanned areas,competitive uses}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_196734.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_196734_e9ab29eb0a6e3367ab94899d37547df9.pdf} } @article { author = {Nofal, Sٍeham and Ahmed, Mostafa and Mahrous, Essam and Salah, Khaled}, title = {Developing a Method for Embodying Interactive Elements in the Interior Design of Kindergarten Buildings تطوير منهج تصميمي لتحسين التصميم الداخلي لمباني رياض الأطفال باستخدام العناصر التفاعلية}, journal = {JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences}, volume = {49}, number = {No 6}, pages = {871-911}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Assiut University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1687-0530}, eissn = {2356-8550}, doi = {10.21608/jesaun.2021.89593.1068}, abstract = {Considering the current technological and scientific development, many global models have recently adopted using ​​interactive interior design for children, which contribute in achieving functional and aesthetical goals. The main problem of this paper is the lack of design methods and tools that help the designer to deal with interactive elements in improving kindergarten interior design to achieve targeted skills. So, the main aim of the paper is to develop a design method to improve the interior design of kindergarten buildings using interactive elements. To achieve the goal of the research, the descriptive analytical approach was used in describing and analyzing the basic activities targeted in kindergarten buildings, analyzing the previous design methods, then the deductive approach in developing the design process as well as the various tools that the designer needs it when working with it according to the adopted vision. The conclusion of the paper is confirming the possibility of developing design process and its tools - to be able to use in producing kindergarten interactive interior design to achieve targeted skills - by presenting a developed design method with its necessary tools to include interactive elements in the interior design of kindergarten buildings. The research concluded by addressing the main results of the study with some recommendations for the interior designer, kindergarten-related agencies, and research agencies.   في ظل ما تشهده البشرية من تطور تقني وعلمي، فقد تبنت العديد من النماذج العالمية في الآونة الأخيرة فکرة التصميم الداخلي التفاعلي للفراغات المختصة بالأطفال، وذلک لما تسهم به الخصائص التفاعلية لعناصر التصميم الداخلي من قيمة تساعد في تحقيق أهدافها الوظيفية والجمالية. تتمثل مشکلة هذه الورقة البحثية في عدم وجود منهج تصميمي لتحسين رياض الأطفال بتضمين الأساليب والعناصر التفاعلية في التصميم الداخلي لفراغاتها الداخلية والتي يمکن أن تساهم في تحقيق المهارات المستهدفة من هذه البيئة، لذا فأن الهدف الرئيسي للورقة البحثية هو تطوير منهج تصميمي لتحسين التصميم الداخلي لمباني رياض الأطفال باستخدام العناصر التفاعلية، ولتحقيق هدف البحث تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلي في وصف وتحليل الأنشطة الأساسية المستهدفة من البيئة الداخلية لمباني رياض الأطفال، وفي تحليل مناهج التصميم السابقة، ثم المنهج الاستنباطي في تطوير منهج العملية التصميمية وفقاً للرؤية المتبناة والأدوات المختلفة التي يحتاجها المصمم عند العمل بها. وقد خلصت الورقة البحثية إلى إمکانية تطوير العملية التصميمية وأدواتها لتصبح قادرة علي تقديم تصميم داخلي تفاعلي يساعد على تطوير وتحسين البيئة الداخلية لرياض الأطفال ليحقق المهارات المستهدفة منه من خلال تقديم تطوير مقترح للعملية التصميمية والأدوات اللازمة لتضمين العناصر التفاعلية في التصميم الداخلي لرياض الأطفال. واختتم البحث بأهم النتائج وبعض التوصيات للمصمم الداخلي والجهات ذات الصلة برياض الأطفال والجهات البحثية.}, keywords = {منهجية,تصميم,داخلي,تفاعلي,رياض}, url = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_197241.html}, eprint = {https://jesaun.journals.ekb.eg/article_197241_b60bc25c1059c9a8b9a328c6dbadc274.pdf} }