CONVEYANCE LOSSES ESTIMATION FOR OPEN CHANNELS IN MIDDLE EGYPT CASE STUDY: ALMANNA MAIN CANAL, AND ITS BRANCHES

Abuzeid, Tarek Sayed

doi:10.21608/jesaun.2021.57454.1027

CONVEYANCE LOSSES ESTIMATION FOR OPEN CHANNELS IN MIDDLE EGYPT CASE STUDY: ALMANNA MAIN CANAL, AND ITS BRANCHES

Document Type : Case Study

Author

Tarek Sayed Abuzeid

Civil Engineering Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

10.21608/jesaun.2021.57454.1027

Abstract

Whereas the irrigation water transmission open channel network in Egypt, is one of the largest and longest networks all over the world that dogged in permeable soil (Its length reaches about 33500 km). In a country that suffers greatly from an increasing shortage of limited available irrigation water quantities, ignoring the expected huge quantities of irrigation water losses through transport operations is a path of madness, to bridge the accelerated gap between what is required, and what is exist. Irrigation water conveyance losses include seepage, evaporation, and transpiration losses. The used data in this research was collected from the field and through the official Ministry of water resources and irrigation authority in Assiut governorate. The analysis of the data proved that, the total loss of irrigation water from Almanna canal and its branches reaches about 16.05 Million cubic meters monthly. The lost water through only seepage reaches about 15.95 Million cubic meters monthly, representing 99% of all lost irrigation water. While, the rate of increase in the evaporation losses at earthen sections more than the designed sections losses can be neglected. Thus, the lining of Almanna canal and its branches is the most effective solution for saving such a huge amount of water, and directed it to irrigate some newly reclaimed areas, in addition, to solve the problems of non-arrival of the irrigation water to the ends of some irrigation canals. At the same time, improving the environmental situation of the surrounding agricultural community.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Civil Engineering: structural, Geotechnical, reinforced concrete and steel structures, Surveying, Road and traffic engineering, water resources, Irrigation structures, Environmental and sanitary engineering, Hydraulic, Railway, construction Management.

References

[1] Sabry. M., (2019). “Hydraulic Performance Assessment for Improved Irrigation System”. M.SC. Thesis, university of Assuit, Egypt.

[2] Abu Gulul, K. A. J., (2004). “Lining of Irrigation Channels”. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Engineering, Southampton University, India, 1975.

[3] Alam, M. and Bhutta, M., (2004). “Comparative Evaluation of Canal Seepage Investigation Techniques”. Agricultural Water Management, 66(1), 65–76.

[4] International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), (1968). “Controlling Seepage Losses from Irrigation Canals”. Worldwide survey, New Delhi, India.

[5] Martin, C.A. and Gates, T.K., (2014). “Uncertainty of Canal Seepage Losses Estimated Using Flowing Water Balance with Acoustic Doppler Devices”. Journal of Hydrology, 517, 746–761.

[6] Swamee, P.K., Mishra, G.C. and Chahar, B.R., (2000). “Design of Minimum Seepage Loss Canal Sections”. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 126(1), 28–32.

[7] Zhang, Q., Chai, J., Xu, Z. and Qin, Y., (2016). “Investigation of Irrigation Canal Seepage Losses through Use of Four Different Methods in Hetao Irrigation District”. China. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 22(3), 05016035.

[8] Sepaskhah, A. and Salemi, H. (2004). “An Empirical Model for Prediction of Conveyance Efficiency for Small Earth Canals”. Iranian Journal of Sciences and Technology, 28, 623–628.

[9] Wachyan, E. and Rushton, K., (1987). “Water Losses from Irrigation Canals”. Journal of Hydrology, 92(3–4), 275–288.

[10] Plusquellec, H., (2019). “Overestimation of Benefits of Canal Irrigation Projects: Decline of Performance over Time Caused By Deterioration of Concrete Canal Lining”. Irrigation and Drainage. 68(3), 383– 388.https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2341.

[11] Soothar, R., Mirjat, M., Mangrio, M., Chandio, A. and Leghari, N., (2015). “Estimating Seepage Losses in Different Size of Earthen Watercourses at Farm Level”. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences, 31(1), 81–92.

[12] Yao, W., Ma, X. and Chen, Y., (2019). “Optimization of Canal Water in an Irrigation Network Based on A Genetic Algorithm: A Case Study of The North China Plain Canal System”. Irrigation and Drainage 68(2), 629-636.

[13] Mowafy, H.M., (2001). “Seepage Losses in Ismailia Canal”. Sixth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC, Alexandria, Egypt, pp.195-211.

[14] Bakry, M.F and Awad, A.A., (1997). “Practical Estimation of Seepage Losses along Earthen Canals in Egypt”. Water Resources Management Vol.11, pp.197–206.

[15] Eshetu, B.D. and Alamirew, T., (2018). “Estimation of Seepage Loss in Irrigation Canals of Tendaho Sugar Estate, Ethiopia”. Eshetu and Alamirew, Irrigation Drainage Sys Engineering 7:3, Vol.7, No.3, pp.2-5.

[16] Up Irrigation Research Institute, (1984). “Report on Estimation of Seepage Losses from Canals by Radio Isotopes”. UPIRI, Reo. TM 54, RR (G15), Roorkee, India.

[17] Sahasrabudhe, S.R., Katariya, s.k., and Sons, (2011). “Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures”. Publisher of Engineering & Compute Books, 3rd edition.

[18] Liu, S.; Wang, W.; Mori, M.; Kobayashi, T., (2016). “Estimating the Evaporation from Irrigation Canals in Northwestern China Using the Double-Deck Surface Air Layer Model”. Advanced Meteorology, 1–9.

[19] McJannet, D., Webster, I., Stenson, M., Sherman, B., (2008). “Estimating Open Water Evaporation for the Murray-Darling Basin”. CSIRO: Collingwood, Australia, p. 58.

[20] Wang, W., Liu, S., Kobayashi, T., Kitano, M., (2013). “Evaporation from Irrigation Canals in the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River in the Northwest of China—A Preliminary Study”. J. Fac. Agric. Kyushu Univ., 58, 371–376.

[21] Wang, Y., (1987). “Calculation of the Evaporation from the Flowing Channels”. Groundwater 1, 28–30.

[22] Suhua L., Weizhen W., Makito I., Tetsuo K., (2016). “Estimating the Evaporation from Irrigation Canals in Northwestern China Using the Double-Deck Surface Air Layer Model”, Advances in Meteorology, Article ID 3670257, 9 pages, https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3670257.

[23] Burt, C.M., (1999). “Irrigation Water Balance Fundamentals” In Conference on Benchmarking Irrigation System Performance Using Water Measurement and Water Balances; Irrigation Training and Research Center: San Luis Obispo, CA, USA, pp. 1–13.

[24] Chen, J., and Jia, Z., (2007) “Construction and Application of Water Balance Model In the Irrigation Districts of the Midstream Areas of the Heihe River Basin”. In The Study of Humanities and Environment in the City of Blackwater City: International Symposium on Human Culture and Environment in the Blackwater City; Shen, W., Shi, J., Eds.; China Renmin University Press: Beijing, China, pp. 150–164.

[25] Kobayashi, T.; Liu, S.; Wang, W., (2013). “Modeling of the Evaporation from A Running Water Surface”. Kyushu J. Agric. Meteorol. Ser, 2, 1–14.

[26] Pitlo, R.H. and Dawson, F.H. (1993). “Flow-Resistance of Aquatic Weeds. In: Aquatic Weeds”. A.H. Pieterse and K.J. Murphy (Eds.). Oxford Science Pub. pp. 74-84.

[27] Sytsma M. and Parker M., (1999). “Aquatic Vegetation in Irrigation Canals”. Center for Lakes and Reservoirs Publications and Presentations. Paper 11.

http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/centerforlakes_pub/11

[28] Stanley J.D., and Clemente P.L., (2017). “Increased land subsidence and sea-level rise are submerging Egypt’s Nile Delta Coastal Margin”. Geol Soc Am 27(5):4–11. https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg312a.1

[29] Abdelazeez, M.H., (2.015). “Inter Relationship between Modern Irrigation System and Fertilizers Application Methods”. ph. D thesis, Assiut university.

[30] Dolatkhah, S., Kazemiazar, F., Deljou, P. and Nourmand, B., (2015). “Simulation of Seepage from Earthen Canals of Moghan Irrigation and Drainage Network Using Seep/w Model”. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci. Journals. Vol.4 (1), pp.430-435. URL: http: //www.bepls.com.

[31] El-Enany, M. A., El-Alfy, K. S., Sobeih, M. F., Armanious, S. D., and Gergis, E. S., (2004). “Modification of the Improved Irrigation System in the Old Lands in Egypt”. Vol.29, No.1.

[32] Jensen, M.E., Burman, R.D. and Allen, R.G. (1990). “Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirements”. Amer. Soc. Civil Eng. Man. and Rep. on Eng. Prac. No. 70, New York, NY.

[33] Hanks, R.J., (1974). “Model for Predicting Plant Yield as Influenced by Water Use”. Agronomy Journal, Vol.66, pp.660-665.

[34] Paul K. K., Gylan L. D., and Nelton O. S., (1993). “Part 623 National Engineering Handbook”, Chapter 2, “Irrigation Water Requirements” Book, United States Department of Agriculture. Soil Conservation Service.

[35] Allen, G.R., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D. and Smith, M., (1998). “Crop Evapotranspiration, Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements” FAO. Irrigation and drainages paper No 56. Rome, Italy.