An energy efficient approach to minimize energy consumption for exterior lighting in Egypt

Ahmed, Mayar; Ali Ibrahim Nessim, Ashraf

doi:10.21608/jesaun.2025.366091.1445

An energy efficient approach to minimize energy consumption for exterior lighting in Egypt

Document Type : Review Paper

Authors

¹ Department of Environmental Architecture and Urbanism, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

² Architectural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

10.21608/jesaun.2025.366091.1445

Abstract

Lighting systems are crucial in enhancing architectural aesthetics while promoting energy efficiency in both building facades and outdoor areas, particularly in regions with high energy demands like Egypt. This research examines the applicability of different lighting solutions like LED lighting systems, intelligent “IoT-based” lighting systems, and solar-integrated lighting in the Egyptian context. The study compares each system’s performance, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with architectural needs. LED lighting, with its high energy efficiency and adaptability to various architectural designs, emerges as a practical choice due to its low energy consumption comparable to other building loads, especially when integrated with intelligent lighting control systems, which utilize IoT and sensor-based controls, aligning with Egypt’s smart city initiatives and offering significant energy savings by adapting to real-time environmental conditions. Solar-integrated lighting, though promising as a renewable solution, faces challenges in dense urban settings due to spatial constraints and higher initial costs. The analysis concludes that Solar powered LED and intelligent lighting systems are the most applicable technologies for lighting in Egypt, supporting sustainability and urban development goals. Future research can work on the application framework and guidelines that can be used as a reference for efficient lighting design in Egypt.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Architecture Engineering and the Engineering Architectural Interior Design.

References

[1] P. Sathya R. Natarajan. Energy estimation and photometric measurements of LED lighting in laboratory. In: International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE), Vellore, India, 09 January -11 January 2014, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAEE.2014.6838470.

[2] Ardavani O., Zerefos S., et al. Redesigning the exterior lighting as part of the urban landscape: the role of transgenic bioluminescent plants in Mediterranean urban and suburban lighting environments. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 242: 118477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118477

[3] Kyoto Protocol Reference Manual on accounting of emissions and assigned amount, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2008.

[4] Paris Agreement, United Nations, 2015

[5] Light’s Labour’s Lost” – Policies for Energy-efficient Lighting, IEA, 2016.

[6] Doulos L .T., Kontaxis P., et al. Artificial Lighting and Daylighting of Buildings Technical Directive of Technical Chamber of Greece. Athens: Technical Chamber of Greece 2021.

[7] Skandali C., & Lambiri Y. S. Optimization of Urban Street Lighting Conditions Focusing On Energy Saving, Safety and Users’ Needs. Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs 2(3), 2018; 112-121, https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2018.4726

[8] Suk J. Y., Walter R. J. New nighttime roadway lighting documentation applied to public safety at night: A case study in San Antonio, Texas. J. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2019; 46: 101459, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101459

[9] Górczewska M. Some aspects of architectural lighting of historical buildings. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, 2011; 121 https://doi:10.2495/LIGHT110101

[10] Tomasovits M., Balafoutis T., et al. Overview of a method for lighting the facades of historic buildings by considering light pollution as a design factor, In: IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 899(1), Athens, Virtual, 2021; 23 October -24 October, 174867, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/899/1/012037

[11] Bista D., Bista A., et al. Lighting for Cultural and Heritage Site: An Innovative Approach for Lighting in the Distinct Pagoda-Style Architecture of Nepal. Sustainability 2021; 13(5), 2720. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052720

[12] Mansfield K.P. Architectural lighting design: a research review over 50 years. J. Light. Res. Technol. 2018; 50(1): 80‒97.

[13] Zagan W., Skarzynski K. The “layered method” – a third method of floodlighting. J. Light. Res. Technol. 2020; 52(5): 641–53, https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1477153519882997.

[14] Sadeghian, O., Moradzadeh, A., Mohammadi-Ivatloo, B., Abapour, M., Anvari-Moghaddam, A., Jeng, S., Lim, F. P., & Garcia Marquez, F. (2021). A comprehensive review on energy saving options and saving potential in low voltage electricity distribution networks: Building and public lighting. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103064

[15] Salata F., Golasi, et al. Energy and reliability optimization of a system that combines daylighting and artificial sources. A case study carried out in academic buildings. J. Appl. Energ, 2016; 169: 250–266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.022

[16] Ciacci L., Vassura I., et al. Shedding light on the anthropogenic Europium cycle in the EU–28. Marking product turnover and energy progress in the lighting sector. J. Resources 2018; 7: 59.

[17] Putrada A.G., Abdurohman M., et al. Machine Learning Methods in Smart Lighting Towards Achieving User Comfort: A Survey. J. IEEE Access 2022; 10:45137–45178.

[18] Mahoor M., Hosseini Z. S., et al. State-of-the-art in smart streetlight systems: a review. J. IET Smart Cities 2020; 2(1): 24–33.

[19] Zanella A., Bui N., et al. Internet of Things for Smart Cities. J. IEEE Internet of Things 2018; 1(1): 22-32. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2014.2306328

[20] Sadeghian O, Moradzadeh A, et al. A comprehensive review on energy saving options and saving potential in low voltage electricity distribution networks: Building and public lighting J. Sust. Cities and Soc. 2021; 72: 103064 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103064

[21] Ji S., Cao G., et al. Lighting design of underground parking with tubular daylighting devices and LEDs. J. Opt. - Int. Light Electron Opt. 2016; 127(3): 1213–1216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo. 2015.10.189

[22] Vaggelia An., Lambros Do. The Effect of the Continuous Energy Effcient Upgrading of LED Street Lighting Technology: The Case Study of Egnatia Odos Proc. In: Int. Conf. 2nd Balkan Junior Conf on Lighting 2019, pp 4-5. https://doi: 10.1109/BLJ.2019.8883662

[23] Doulos L. T., Sioutis I., et al. A decision support system for assessment of street lighting tenders based on energy performance indicators and environmental criteria: Overview, methodology and case study. J. Sustainable Cities and Society 2019; 51: 101759 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101759

[24] Radojević, A., Janjušević, M., Nikolić, D., Bogdanović, G., Ivanović, L., Skerlić, J., & Palkova, Z. (2022). Possibilities for reduction of energy consumption by replacing public lighting with LED lighting: Case study of Priboj municipality. Engineering Today, 1(2), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.5937/engtoday2202019r

[25] Füchtenhans M.; Grosse, et al. Smart lighting systems: State-of-the-art and potential applications in warehouse order picking. J. Prod. Res. 2021; 59: 3817–3839.

[26] W ang. X., Linnartz J. Intelligent illuminance control in a dimmable LED lighting system. J. Light. Res. Technol. 2017; 49: 603–617

[27] Ardavani O., Zerefos S., et al. Redesigning the exterior lighting as part of the urban landscape: the role of transgenic bioluminescent plants in mediterranean urban and suburban lighting environments. J. Clean. Prod. 2020; 242:118477, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118477.

[28] Filimonova A.A., Barbasova T.A., et al. Outdoor lighting system upgrading based on smart grid concept. J. Energy Procedia 2017; 111:678–688, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.230

[29] Omar A., AlMaeeni S, et al. Smart City: Recent Advances in Intelligent Street Lighting Systems Based on IoT. J. of Sensors 2022; e5249187. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5249187

[30] Shailesh K.R., Kurian C.P., et al. Understanding the reliability of LED luminaires. J. Light. Res. Technol. 2018; 50: 1179–1197.

[31] Djuretic A., Skerovic V., et al. Luminous flux to input power ratio, power factor and harmonics when dimming high-pressure sodium and LED luminaires used in road lighting. J. Light. Res. Technol. 2019; 51: 304–323.

[32] Cheng F., Niu B., et al. Fault detection and performance recovery design with deferred actuator replacement via a low-computation method. J. IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. 2023; 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2023.3300723

[33] Iranmehr H., Aazami R., et al. Modeling the price of emergency power transmission lines in the reserve market due to the influence of renewable energies. J. Front. Energy Res. 2022; 9: 944. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.792418

[34] Duman A.C., Güler Ö. Techno-economic analysis of off-grid photovoltaic LED road lighting systems: A case study for northern, central and southern regions of Turkey. J. Build. Environ. 2019; 156; 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.04.005

[35] Sutopo W., Mardikaningsih I.S., et al. A model to improve the implementation standards of street lighting based on solar energy: A case study. J. Energies 2020; 13(3): 630. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030630

[36] Md Eshrat E. Alahi, Arsanchai Su., et al. Integration of IoT-Enabled Technologies and Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Smart City Scenario: Recent Advancements and Future Trends. J. Sensors 2023.

[37] Meering C., Paolo H.P.E. Smart Cities and The IoT. 2016.Smart City Examples, (Date Last AccessedJune 25, 2016.

[38] Zhang, J., Zeng, et al. A low-power and low cost smart streetlight system based on Internet of Things technology. Telecommunication Systems, (2021); 79(1), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-021-00847-1.

[39] Zissis G., Dupuis P., et al. Smart lighting systems for smart cities, in Holistic Approach for Decision Making Towards Designing Smart Cities. Springer, Cham. 2021; 18: 75–92.

[40] Chen Z., Sivaparthipan C. B., et al. IoT based smart and intelligent smart city energy optimization. J. Sust. Ener. Tech. Ass. 2022; 49: 101724.

[41] Permana A. A., Pradipta A., et al. (2023). Modify The Led Lights By Adding Pir Sensor As A Motion Sensor. Int. J. of Sci., Tech. & Manag. 2023; 4(6): 1433–1440 https://doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v4i6.989

[42] Gupta S., Mehta S. K., et al. Illuminating Urban Landscapes using IoT Based Approach for Smart Street Lighting. 2024 https://doi.org/10.1109/aiiot58432.2024.10574593

[43] Wright T. G., Cho N. C., et al. Motion sensor-based lighting fixture operation. 2019.

[44] Yehua W., Lifeng L., et al. Motion sensor light bulb. 2019.

[45] Tharo Z., Sutejo E., et al. Harnessing Solar Energy for Sustainable Urban Street Lighting. Asian J. of Env. Res. 2024; 1(2): 107–115. https://doi.org/10.69930/ajer.v1i2.149

[46] Chiradeja P., Yoomak S., et al. Economic Analysis of Improving the Energy Efficiency of Nanogrid Solar Road Lighting Using Adaptive Lighting Control. J. IEEE Access 2020; 8: 202623–202638. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3035702

[47] Saputra T., Surapati U. Analysis of the Effectiveness of IoT-Based Automatic Street Lighting Control Using Linear Regression Method. Int. J. Soft. Eng. Comp. Sci. 2024; 4(2): 690–701. https://doi.org/10.35870/ijsecs.v4i2.2878

[48] Houser K. Ethics and Fallacies of Human-Centric Lighting and Artificial Light at Night J. LEUKOS 2021; 17(4): 319-320 https://doi: 10.1080/15502724.2021.1951021

[49] Jamal M., Falak S., et al. An Analysis on How Artificial Light at Night May Impact the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 and Human Health J. Chronobiol. Med. 2022; 4(1): 8-20 https://doi.org/10.33069/cim.2021.0030