A Comparative Study of Sustainable Production and Consumption Practices in the Indian Two-Wheeler Sector

Document Type : Review Paper

Authors

1 Dept. of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore – 560058, Karnataka, India

2 Dept. of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore – 560058, Karnataka, India

Abstract

The Indian two-wheeler industry vital for urban mobility and economic growth is undergoing a critical transition toward sustainability, shaped by evolving regulations and rapid technological innovation. This study adopts a dual-lens comparative review, integrating regulatory evolution and technological adoption, to assess sustainable production and consumption practices in major industry players including Bajaj Auto, TVS Motors, Hero MotoCorp, Ather Energy, and Ola Electric. By linking policy milestones such as BS-VI emission norms, renewable energy incentives, and Electric Vehicle (EV) promotion schemes with advancements in battery technology, digital manufacturing, and circular economy initiatives, the analysis identifies synergies, gaps, and best practices. Findings show that while some firms have achieved operational emission reductions of up to 40%, persistent barriers including high capital costs, regulatory inconsistencies, and workforce skill shortages limit broader adoption. The study’s novelty lies in providing a structured framework that connects regulatory and technological trajectories to firm-level outcomes, offering actionable strategies for policy–industry alignment. Recommendations include stricter compliance enforcement, accelerated EV infrastructure development, and expanded circular economy practices. These insights contribute a roadmap for balancing industrial competitiveness, stakeholder interests, and sustainability goals in one of the world’s fastest-growing mobility sectors.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1]     M. Zarte, A. Pechmann, and I. L. Nunes, “Decision support systems for sustainable manufacturing surrounding the product and production life cycle – A literature review,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 219, pp.336-349, 2019. Doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.092.
[2]     S. Acheampong, T. Pimonenko, and O. Lyulyov, “Sustainable marketing performance of banks in the digital economy: the role of customer relationship management,” Virtual Economics, vol. 6, no. 1, 2023, Doi: 10.34021/ve.2023.06.01(2).
[3]     S. Utrera-Barrios, R. Verdejo, M. Á. López-Manchado, and M. Hernández Santana, “Self-Healing Elastomers: A sustainable solution for automotive applications,” European Polymer Journal, vol. 190, 112023 2023. Doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112023.
[4]     S. George, R. Jha, and H. K. Nagarajan, “The evolution and structure of the two-wheeler industry in India,” International Journal of Transport Economics, vol. 29, no. 1, 2002, Doi: 10.2139/ssrn.239809.
[5]     D. Patel, S. Suman, and T. R. Jat, “A Technological Innovation of Tata Nano Car Perspective of Indian Automobile Industry,” in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Product Innovation Management, Vols I And Ii, 2008.
[6]     S. R. Moro, P. A. Cauchick-Miguel, and G. H. de Sousa Mendes, “Adding sustainable value in product-service systems business models design: A conceptual review towards a framework proposal,” Sustainable Production and Consumption, vol. 32, pp. 492-504,  2022. Doi: 10.1016/j.spc.2022.04.023.
[7]     S. Miglani, The Growth of the Indian Automobile Industry: Analysis of the Roles of Government Policy and Other Enabling Factors. In: Liu, KC., Racherla, U.S. (eds) Innovation, Economic Development, and Intellectual Property in India and China. ARCIALA Series on Intellectual Assets and Law in Asia. Springer, Singapore. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8102-7_19
[8]     C. Drago and A. Gatto, “Policy, regulation effectiveness, and sustainability in the energy sector: A worldwide interval-based composite indicator,” Energy Policy, vol. 167, 2022, Doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112889.
[9]     A. K. Nayak, B. Ganguli, and P. M. Ajayan, “Advances in electric two-wheeler technologies,” Energy Reports, vol. 9, pp. 3508-3530, 2023. Doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2023.02.008.
[10]   J. Humphrey and A. Oeter, “Motor Industry Policies in Emerging Markets: Globalisation and the Promotion of Domestic Industry,” in Global Strategies and Local Realities, 2000. Doi: 10.1057/9780333977712_3.
[11]   J. Li and S. Passerini, “Introduction to the special Issue: Focus review - New and emerging battery technologies,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 484, 22933, 2021. Doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229333.
[12]   H. M. Haidar, “Historical Perspectives and the Emergence of the Sustainability Concept in Organizations,” Open Journal of Business and Management, vol. 09, no. 05, 2021, Doi: 10.4236/ojbm.2021.95123.
[13]   S. S. Kamble, A. Gunasekaran, H. Parekh, V. Mani, A. Belhadi, and R. Sharma, “Digital twin for sustainable manufacturing supply chains: Current trends, future perspectives, and an implementation framework,” Technol Forecast Soc Change, vol. 176, 2022, Doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121448.
[14]   U. Elg and S. M. Hånell, “Driving sustainability in emerging markets: The leading role of multinationals,” Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 114, 2023, Doi: 10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.08.010.
[15]   L. Szász, O. Csíki, and B. G. Rácz, “Sustainability management in the global automotive industry: A theoretical model and survey study,” Int J Prod Econ, vol. 235, 2021, Doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2021.108085.
[16]   B. Debnath et al., “A grey approach to assess the challenges to adopting sustainable production practices in the apparel manufacturing industry: Implications for sustainability,” Results in Engineering, vol. 22, 2024, Doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102006.
[17]   A. Abdullah, S. Saraswat, and F. Talib, “Barriers and strategies for sustainable manufacturing implementation in SMEs: A hybrid fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS framework,” Sustainable Manufacturing and Service Economics, vol. 2, 2023, Doi: 10.1016/j.smse.2023.100012.
[18]   K. Blind and F. Münch, “The interplay between innovation, standards and regulation in a globalising economy,” J Clean Prod, vol. 445, 2024, Doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141202.
[19]   S. D. Maier, T. Beck, J. F. Vallejo, R. Horn, J. H. Söhlemann, and T. T. Nguyen, “Methodological approach for the sustainability assessment of development cooperation projects for built innovations based on the SDGs and life cycle thinking,” Sustainability 8, no. 10, 2016. Doi: 10.3390/su8101006.
[20]   P. Ghadimi, N. M. Yusof, M. Z. Mat Saman, and M. Asadi, “Methodologies for measuring sustainability of product/process: A review,” Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. vol.21 (1), 2013. ISSN: 0128-7680
[21]   S. H. A. Rashid, S. Evans, and P. Longhurst, “A comparison of four sustainable manufacturing strategies,” International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, vol.1, no.3, 2008. Doi: 10.1080/19397030802513836.
[22]   W. Wellbrock, D. Ludin, L. Röhrle, and W. Gerstlberger, “Sustainability in the automotive industry, importance of and impact on automobile interior – insights from an empirical survey,” International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility, vol. 5, no. 1, 2020, Doi: 10.1186/s40991-020-00057-z.
[23]   R. Zhong, F. Pei, K. Yang, Y. Xia, H. Wang, and G. Yan, “Coordinating socio-economic and environmental dimensions to evaluate regional sustainability towards an integrative framework,” Ecol Indic, vol. 130, 2021, Doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108085.
[24]   E. Pallaro, N. Subramanian, M. D. Abdulrahman, and C. Liu, “Sustainable production and consumption in the automotive sector: Integrated review framework and research directions,” Sustain Prod Consum, vol. 4, 2015, Doi: 10.1016/j.spc.2015.07.002.
[25]   N. V. Iyer and M. G. Badami, “Two-wheeled motor vehicle technology in India: Evolution, prospects and issues,” Energy Policy, vol. 35, no. 8, 2007, Doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2007.02.001.
[26]   B. Esmaeilian, J. Sarkis, K. Lewis, and S. Behdad, “Blockchain for the future of sustainable supply chain management in Industry 4.0,” Resour Conserv Recycl, vol. 163, 2020, Doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105064.
[27]   F. Tonelli, S. Evans, and P. Taticchi, “Industrial sustainability: Challenges, perspectives, actions,” International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 143-163, 2013. Doi: 10.1504/IJBIR.2013.052576.
[28]   S. H. A. Rashid, S. Evans, and P. Longhurst, “International Journal of Sustainable Engineering A comparison of four sustainable manufacturing strategies A comparison of four sustainable manufacturing strategies,” Taylor & Francis, vol. 1, no. 3, 2008.
[29]   Mr. Siddharth Sinha, Mr. Diewakar Mittal, and Dr. Indradip Mitra, “Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure and its Grid Integration in India Status Quo, Critical Analysis and Way Forward,” New Delhi, 2021.
[30]   M. A. Majid, C. R. K. J, and A. Ahmed, “Advances in electric vehicles for a self-reliant energy ecosystem and powering a sustainable future in India,” e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, vol. 10, p. 100753, Dec. 2024, Doi: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100753.
[31]   S. Yuvaraj and M. Sangeetha, “Smart supply chain management using internet of things(IoT) and low power wireless communication systems,” in Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking, WiSPNET 2016, 2016. Doi: 10.1109/WiSPNET.2016.7566196.
[32]   I. Ullah, D. Adhikari, X. Su, F. Palmieri, C. Wu, and C. Choi, “Integration of data science with the intelligent IoT (IIoT): current challenges and future perspectives,” Digital Communications and Networks, 2024, Doi: 10.1016/j.dcan.2024.02.007.
[33]   R. Sharma, S. Setlur, S. Vemuri, and C. Subramoniam, “Effect of Ethanol Blended Fuel on Two-Wheeler Tail Pipe Mass Emissions,” in SAE Technical Papers, 2016. Doi: 10.4271/2016-32-0076.
[34]   S. Sheikh, A. Thoelke, A. Mlinaric, U. Deshmukh, and K. K. Rathore, “Electric Camshaft Phasing System to Meet Euro 6/BS-VI Emission Norms for Gasoline Engine,” in SAE Technical Papers, SAE International, Jan. 2019. Doi: 10.4271/2019-26-0055.
[35]   T. Rajan and J. Nikhil, “Ather Energy’s Trial by Fire on its Electric Vehicle Startup Journey in India,” Indian Journal of Marketing, vol. 54, no. 1, 2024, Doi: 10.17010/ijom/2024/v54/i1/173381.
[36]   Adimn, “EV Battery and E-Waste Recycling in India,” https://changestarted.com/ev-battery-and-e-waste-recycling-in-india/.
[37]   “Okinawa Autotech: Empowering Mobility with a Glance Back at History,” https://www.otocapital.in/article/inspiring-journey-of-okinawa-autotech.
[38]   “National Award for Excellence in Energy Management,” https://energy.greenbusinesscentre.com/energyawards/enepresent23/auto/Hero%20Moto,Vadodara.pdf.
[39]   Hero Motocorp Limited, “Hero Motocorp Sustainability Report 2023-24,” https://www.heromotocorp.com/content/dam/hero-aem-website/in/en-in/company-section/reports-and-polices/reports/sustainability-report/2023-2024/Sustainability_Report_2023_24.pdf.
[40]   A. E. Simon, G. Lakshmanan, and V. Paul, “Investing in India’s electric revolution: A case study of OLA electric,” Journal of Information Technology Teaching Cases, Jun. 2024, Doi: 10.1177/20438869241255963.
[41]   V. K. Manda, A. J. Mampilly, V. Gupta, and L. Nammi, “The Rise of Two-Wheeler Electric Vehicles in India,” edited by Vijaya Kittu Manda and  John Mampilly, Book tilte: Contemporary Solutions for Sustainable Transportation Practices, IGI Pub., 2024, pp. 503–533. Doi: 10.4018/979-8-3693-3755-4.ch019.
[42]   P. Balashanmugam, S. Nath, S. Paswan, G. Kaushal, K. Verma, and P. K. Prasad, “Development of Emission Control Devices for Petrol Engines (Catalytic Convertor),” Journal of Advance Research in Mechanical & Civil Engineering (ISSN: 2208-2379), vol. 2, no. 4, 2015, Doi: 10.53555/nnmce.v2i4.334.
[43]   N. K. Kommuri, A. McGordon, A. Allen, and D. Q. Truong, “A Novel Adaptive Equivalence Fuel Consumption Minimisation Strategy for a Hybrid Electric Two-Wheeler,” Energies (Basel), vol. 15, no. 9, 2022, Doi: 10.3390/en15093192.
[44]   N. K. Kommuri, A. McGordon, A. Allen, and D. Q. Truong, “Evaluation of a modified equivalent fuel-consumption minimization strategy considering engine start frequency and battery parameters for a plugin hybrid two-wheeler,” Energies (Basel), vol. 13, no. 12, 2020, Doi: 10.3390/en13123122.
[45]   S. Park et al., “Replacing conventional battery electrolyte additives with dioxolone derivatives for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries,” Nat Commun, vol. 12, no. 1, 2021, Doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21106-6.
[46]   S. Zhao et al., “Towards high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries: Strategies for developing high-capacity lithium-rich cathode materials,” Energy Storage Materials, vol. 34, pp. 716-734, 2021. Doi: 10.1016/j.ensm.2020.11.008.
[47]   A. Falai, T. A. Giuliacci, D. Misul, G. Paolieri, and P. G. Anselma, “Modeling and On-Road Testing of an Electric Two-Wheeler towards Range Prediction and BMS Integration,” Energies (Basel), vol. 15, no. 7, 2022, Doi: 10.3390/en15072431.
[48]   A. A. S. Mohamed, A. Meintz, and L. Zhu, “System Design and Optimization of In-Route Wireless Charging Infrastructure for Shared Automated Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, 2019, Doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2920232.
[49]   Y. I. Badri, S. K. Sudabattula, I. Hussain, H. Malik, and F. P. García Márquez, “Ultracapacitor as selectable energy buffer in electric vehicle application,” J Energy Storage, vol. 73, 2023, Doi: 10.1016/j.est.2023.109200.
[50]   A. Joshi, “Review of Vehicle Engine Efficiency and Emissions,” in SAE Technical Papers, 2020. Doi: 10.4271/2020-01-0352.
[51]   A. K. Digalwar and A. Rastogi, “Assessments of social factors responsible for adoption of electric vehicles in India: a case study,” International Journal of Energy Sector Management, vol. 17, no. 2, 2023, Doi: 10.1108/IJESM-06-2021-0009.
[52]   J. Nash and C. Bosso, “Extended Producer Responsibility in the United States,” J Ind Ecol, vol. 17, no. 2, 2013, Doi: 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00572.x.
[53]   J. Nash and C. Bosso, “Extended Producer Responsibility in the United States: Full Speed Ahead? Nash and Bosso EPR in the U.S.: Full Speed Ahead?,” J Ind Ecol, vol. 17, no. 2, 2013, Doi: 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00572.x.
[54]   S. Saxena, A. Gopal, and A. Phadke, “Electrical consumption of two-, three- and four-wheel light-duty electric vehicles in India,” Appl Energy, vol. 115, 2014, Doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.10.043.
[55]   Sunitha Anup and Shikha Rokadiya, “Designing a zero-emission vehicle sales regulation for two-wheelers in India,” ICCT20 -https://theicct.org/publication/designing-a-zero-emission-vehicle-sales-regulation-for-2w-in-india-mar24/.
[56]   O. P. Agarwal, “Regulation of motorized two-wheelers in India,” in Transportation Research Record, vol. 2676(6), pp. 424-43, 2006. Doi: 10.3141/1954-05.
[57]   K. Ashok, A. Tripathi, and S. Arora, “What Drives and Inhibits Consumers from Adopting Electric Two Wheelers: A Behavioural Reasoning Theory Perspective,” Management and Labour Studies, vol. 50(2), pp. 166-183, 2024, Doi: 10.1177/0258042X241292320.
[58]   P. P. Singh, F. Wen, I. Palu, S. Sachan, and S. Deb, “Electric Vehicles Charging Infrastructure Demand and Deployment: Challenges and Solutions,” Energies, vol.16, 2023. Doi: 10.3390/en16010007.
[59]   S. Singh, M. J. Kulshrestha, N. Rani, K. Kumar, C. Sharma, and D. K. Aswal, “An Overview of Vehicular Emission Standards,” vol. 38, pp. 241–263, 2023. Doi: 10.1007/s12647-022-00555-4.
[60]   H. Mei et al., “Characterization of Exhaust CO, HC and NOx Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles under Real Driving Conditions,” Atmosphere (Basel), vol. 12, no. 9, p. 1125, Aug. 2021, Doi: 10.3390/atmos12091125.
[61]   F. Yan, E. Winijkul, S. Jung, T. C. Bond, and D. G. Streets, “Global emission projections of particulate matter (PM): I. Exhaust emissions from on-road vehicles,” Atmos Environ, vol. 45, no. 28, 2011, Doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.018.
[62]   H. Mei et al., “Characterization of Exhaust CO, HC and NOx Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles under Real Driving Conditions,” Atmosphere (Basel), vol. 12, no. 9, p. 1125, Aug. 2021, Doi: 10.3390/atmos12091125.
[63]   G. L. Patrone and E. Paffumi, “Experimental Application of the Global Technical Regulation on In-Vehicle Battery Durability,” Batteries, vol. 9, no. 9, 2023, Doi: 10.3390/batteries9090454.
[64]   P. Nieuwenhuis, P. J. Vergragt, and P. Wells, The business of sustainable mobility,  Edited ByPaul Nieuwenhuis, Philip Vergragt, Peter Wells, From vision to reality., 1st Edition, 2017. Doi: 10.4324/9781351280969.
[65]   A. Jayakumar, D. K. Madheswaran, A. M. Kannan, U. Sureshvaran, and J. Sathish, “Can hydrogen be the sustainable fuel for mobility in India in the global context?,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 47, no.79, pp. 33571-33596, 2022. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.272.
[66]   S. Sen and R. L. Sen, “Green Manufacturing,” edited by Saurabh Sen, Source Title: International Perspectives on Socio-Economic Development in the Era of Globalization, IGI Pub., pp. 178–184. Doi: 10.4018/978-1-4666-9908-3.ch012.
[67]   Z. Husain, “Successful collaboration leads to effective technology transfer at Hero MotoCorp, Ltd.,” Global Business and Organizational Excellence, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 17–28, Mar. 2020, Doi: 10.1002/joe.21991.
[68]   R. Kumar, K. Lamba, and A. Raman, “Role of zero emission vehicles in sustainable transformation of the Indian automobile industry,” Research in Transportation Economics, vol. 90, 2021, Doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2021.101064.
[69]   V. C Nair and R. Lathangi, “A Study on Management of Artificial Intelligence in Green Manufacturing with Special Reference to TVS Motor Company, Hosur, Tamil Nadu, India,” in SCRS Conference Proceedings on Intelligent Systems, 2021. Doi: 10.52458/978-93-91842-08-6-14.
[70]   K. Rajendren, “Opportunities for in-mould painting at TVS Motor Company Ltd,” Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, vol. 27, no. 2, 2011, Doi: 10.1177/147776061102700204.
[71]   Y. Zhao et al., “A Review on Battery Market Trends, Second-Life Reuse, and Recycling,” Sustainable Chemistry, vol. 2, no. 1, 2021, Doi: 10.3390/suschem2010011.
[72]   A. K. Nayak, B. Ganguli, and P. M. Ajayan, “Advances in electric two-wheeler technologies,” Energy Reports, vol. 9, pp. 3508-3530, 2023. Doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2023.02.008.
[73]   P. Aversa, “The Evolution of the Two-Wheeler Industry : A Comparative Study of Italy, Japan, and India,” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2024, Doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4816093.
[74]   Neha Yadav and Pawan Mulukutla, “Tracking India’s Industrial Evolution with Electric Mobility,” 2024.
[75]   A. Ramanan, M. Sekhar, and S. Mehra, “Solar pv and second life batteries powered ev charging station: case study for india,” in IET Conference Proceedings, 2023. Doi: 10.1049/icp.2023.2698.
[76]   Teena Bagga, Amirul Hasan Ansari, Shahid Akhter, Anand Mittal, and Arjun Mittal, “Understanding Indian Consumers’ Propensity to Purchase Electric Vehicles: An Analysis of Determining Factors in Environmentally Sustainable Transportation,” Int J Environ Sci., Vol. 10 No. 1, 2024. https://theaspd.com/index.php/ijes/article/view/26
[77]   T. Rajan and J. Nikhil, “Ather Energy’s Trial by Fire on its Electric Vehicle Startup Journey in India,” Indian Journal of Marketing, vol. 54, no. 1, 2024, Doi: 10.17010/ijom/2024/v54/i1/173381.
[78]   A. Mahendra, “Hero Electric | E-Mobility Challenging, But Promising,” Auto Tech Review, vol. 2, no. 4, 2013, Doi: 10.1365/s40112-013-0280-4.
[79]   S. M. M. Nabi and S. G. Naik, “A comparative analysis of energy consumption in conventional and electric vehicles,” International Journal of Vehicle Performance, vol. 10, no. 2, 2024, Doi: 10.1504/ijvp.2024.10062296.
[80]   Paheli Nigam and Neetu Kumari, “A Study on Consumer Satisfaction towards Okinawa E-Bike with Special Reference to Kolhapur City,” International Journal of Special Education , vol. 38, no. 1, 2023.
[81]   Surendhar P, “Quantification of greenhouse and ammonia gas emissions from different cattle manure management systems,” School of Natural Resource Management ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute-Jharkhand, 2022.
[82]   YASH AGGARWAL, “Forecasting Electric Vehicle Sales in India using Singular Spectrum Analysis,” Indian Institute of Public Administration, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, 2024.
[83]   A. Das and D. Ghosal, “The late mover advantage: unveiling Bajaj Auto’s potential to lead in the two-wheeler EV space,” Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–42, Feb. 2025, Doi: 10.1108/EEMCS-07-2024-0300.
[84]   R. Kumar, K. Lamba, and A. Raman, “Role of zero emission vehicles in sustainable transformation of the Indian automobile industry,” Research in Transportation Economics, vol. 90, 2021, Doi: 10.1016/j.retrec.2021.101064.
[85]   H. Sharma, C. D. Singh, K. Singh, and J. Singh, “Technological competency: A case study in two-wheeler manufacturing industry,” in AIP Conference Proceedings, 2024. Doi: 10.1063/5.0192268.
[86]   N. Singh and E. Singh, “IIoT and machine learning technology: A case of investment of TVS Motors Limited (India),” Industrija, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 81–108, 2020, Doi: 10.5937/industrija48-24610.
[87]   Z. Husain, “Successful collaboration leads to effective technology transfer at Hero MotoCorp, Ltd.,” Global Business and Organizational Excellence, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 17–28, Mar. 2020, Doi: 10.1002/joe.21991.
[88]   K. L. Reddy, “A Comparative Study on The Customer Perception and Brand Image of Hero Motors and TVs Motors,” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2024, Doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4938236.
[89]   S. Sinha, A. Chugh, A. D. Vairamani, and A. Agarwal, “Intelligent Electric Vehicles: Leveraging AI-IoT for Sustainable Mobility,” 2024, pp. 21–40. Doi: 10.1007/978-981-97-5365-9_2.
[90]   H. Agrawal, P. Kumar, and P. Singh, “Revolutionizing EV Charging stations through IoT,” in 2024 3rd International conference on Power Electronics and IoT Applications in Renewable Energy and its Control (PARC), IEEE, Feb. 2024, pp. 356–360. Doi: 10.1109/PARC59193.2024.10486546.
[91]   S. Hira and S. Hira, “Smart energy management using vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-everything,” in Artificial Intelligence-Empowered Modern Electric Vehicles in Smart Grid Systems, Elsevier, 2024, pp. 253–290. Doi: 10.1016/B978-0-443-23814-7.00010-9.
[92]   V. K. Manda, A. J. Mampilly, V. Gupta, and L. Nammi, “The Rise of Two-Wheeler Electric Vehicles in India,” 2024, pp. 503–533. Doi: 10.4018/979-8-3693-3755-4.ch019.
[93]   R. Kumar and K. Sinha, “Science, Technology and Innovation Equity and Inclusion in Electric Vehicle Sector,” Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 15–39, Sep. 2023, Doi: 10.55544/ijrah.3.5.2.
[94]   H. Verma, D. Parmar, and R. Ganguly, “Compliance of Vehicular Emission Norms in Kanpur City, India,” in Challenges and Advancements in Civil Engineering, Grinrey Publishing, 2023, pp. 33–40. Doi: 10.55084/grinrey/ERT/978-81-964105-0-6_4.
[95]   A. T. James, A. Q. Khan, M. Asjad, G. Kumar, and V. Arya, “Identification and evaluation of challenges in commercial vehicle transport business in India post-implementation of BS-VI emission norms,” Research in Transportation Business and Management, vol. 54, 2024, Doi: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2024.101122.
[96]   H. H. Kore and S. Koul, “Electric vehicle charging infrastructure: positioning in India,” Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 776–799, Mar. 2022, Doi: 10.1108/MEQ-10-2021-0234.
[97]   N. Arora, S. K. Bakshi, and S. Bhattacharjya, “Framework for sustainable management of end-of-life vehicles management in India,” J Mater Cycles Waste Manag., vo. 21, pp. 79–97, 2019. Doi: 10.1007/s10163-018-0771-0.
[98]   A. H. Molla, H. Shams, Z. Harun, A. N. C. Kasim, M. K. Nallapaneni, and M. N. A. Rahman, “Evaluation of end-of-life vehicle recycling system in India in responding to the sustainability paradigm: an explorative study,” Sci Rep, vol. 13, no. 1, 2023, Doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30964-7.
[99]  Negmeldin, Mohamed Abdelkhalek Attia, Mahmoud Heshmat, and Amr Eltawil. "A system dynamics approach for strategic planning of consumer electronics industry in developing countries: the case of the television manufacturing industry in Egypt." South African Journal of Industrial Engineering, vol. 32.2 (2021): 133-149.
[100] A., Abunazel, Y., Hammad, the impact of urban compactness on the possibility of generating energy from sustainable urban form elements applied on Elsheikh Zayed city in Egypt', JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences, (2025), pp. -. Doi: 10.21608/jesaun.2025.369351.1455
[101] Heba Radwan, Mohamed Hussien Hassan, Khaled Mohammed Soliman, Mohamed A Ibrahim Tameem. Sustainable Reverse Logistic Networks Performance Assessment. JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences, (2025). Doi: 10.21608/jesaun.2025.381236.1500
[101] M., lewa, A., Abdallah, H., Hassanin, Evaluation of the Cracking Resistance and Fracture Energy of Sustainable Asphalt Mixtures Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement. JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences, 53(2), 53-75. (2025). Doi: 10.21608/jesaun.2025.332648.1380
[102] O., Nabil, N., Afia, L.Shihata, Sustainable supply chain design for perishable products: a literature review. JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences, 2021; 49(1): 1-22. (2021) Doi: 10.21608/jesaun.2020.133685
[103] P.Massoud, Facilitate Sustainable Architecture through Computational Integration: A Three-Phase Framework. JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences, 53(5): 607-619, (2025). Doi: 10.21608/jesaun.2025.357094.1418
[104] A., Farid, R., Hamada, M Ahmed,. Recycling sugar cane straw for the production of thermal insulation to the desert villages back to the province of qena panels. JES. Journal of Engineering Sciences, 2015; 43(No 5): 726-741. Doi: 10.21608/jesaun.2015.115221

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics