Evaluation of the Cracking Resistance and Fracture Energy of Sustainable Asphalt Mixtures Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement

Elewa, Mohamed; Abdallah, Ahmed; Hassanin, Hassan

doi:10.21608/jesaun.2025.332648.1380

Home Articles List Article Information

|
|
|
How to cite
RIS EndNote BibTeX APA MLA Harvard Vancouver
|
Share

Articles in Press

Current Issue

Journal Archive

Volume 53 (2025)

Issue 6

Issue 5

Issue 4

Issue 3

Issue 2

Issue 1

Volume 52 (2024)

Volume 51 (2023)

Volume 50 (2022)

Volume 49 (2021)

Volume 48 (2020)

Volume 47 (2019)

Volume 46 (2018)

Volume 45 (2017)

Volume 44 (2016)

Volume 43 (2015)

Volume 42 (2014)

Volume 41 (2013)

Volume 40 (2012)

Volume 39 (2011)

Volume 38 (2010)

Volume 37 (2009)

Volume 36 (2008)

Volume 35 (2007)

Volume 34 (2006)

	Evaluation of the Cracking Resistance and Fracture Energy of Sustainable Asphalt Mixtures Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
Article 2, Volume 53, Issue 2, March and April 2025, Page 53-75 PDF (959.05 K)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.21608/jesaun.2025.332648.1380
View on SCiNiTO
Authors
Mohamed Elewa ; Ahmed Abdallah; Hassan Hassanin
Construction Engineering and Utilities Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
Abstract
Asphalt pavement production and construction needs substantial amount of energy and non-renewable materials. Therefore, using recycled materials seems necessary to create more sustainable asphalt concrete pavements. This article aims to examine the performance of sustainable asphalt mixtures incorporating reclaimed asphalt pavement and investigate and evaluate the cracking resistance of the produced mixtures. To achieve the study objectives, an experimental program was designed for the hot asphalt mixtures using four different bitumen contents (4.5, 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0%), four RAP contents (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%), in addition to a control mix (without RAP). Marshall Test method was used to investigate the volumetric and mechanical properties of the prepared asphalt mixtures containing RAP. The load-displacement analysis was performed to investigate and evaluate the indices of cracking resistance, fracture energy and fracture work density by using Indirect Tensile Testing program. The results indicated that the volumetric and mechanical properties; stability, Stiffness, and density of the mixtures containing RAP are greatly similar to those of the hot asphalt mixture without RAP. The analysis of indirect tensile strength results indicated that the cracking parameters; CT Index, CRI Index and FST Index containing 40% RAP are higher than those of the other RAP mixtures. Statistical analysis showed that Stiffness, stability, air void and flow of RAP mixtures were significant. Also, the fracture energy, indirect tensile strength and fracture work density of RAP mixes were not significantly different from the control mix except in some cases.
Keywords
Reclaimed asphalt pavement; cracking resistance; Asphalt mixture; Fracture energy; Marshall
Main Subjects
Civil Engineering: structural, Geotechnical, reinforced concrete and steel structures, Surveying, Road and traffic engineering, water resources, Irrigation structures, Environmental and sanitary engineering, Hydraulic, Railway, construction Management.


References
[1] M. R. Pouranian and M. Shishehbor, “Sustainability assessment of green asphalt mixtures: A review,” Environ. - MDPI, vol. 6, no. 6, 2019, doi: 10.3390/environments6060073. [2] T. Wang, F. Xiao, X. Zhu, B. Huang, J. Wang, and S. Amirkhanian, “Energy consumption and environmental impact of rubberized asphalt pavement,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 180, pp. 139–158, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.086. [3] S. El Hmrawey, A. E. A. El Maaty, and A. I. Elmohr, “Durability of Hot Asphalt Mixtures Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavements,” OALib, vol. 02, no. 05, pp. 1–18, 2015, doi: 10.4236/oalib.1101508. [4] T. Mulatu, B. Yigezu, and A. Geremew, “Study on the Suitability of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Aggregate (RAPA) in Hot Mix Asphalt Production,” J. Eng. Res., no. November, 2021, doi: 10.36909/jer.14605. [5] M. Naser, M. Abdel-Jaber, R. Al-Shamayleh, R. Ibrahim, N. Louzi, and T. AlKhrissat, “Improving the Mechanical Properties of Recycled Asphalt Pavement Mixtures Using Steel Slag and Silica Fume as a Filler,” Buildings, vol. 13, no. 1, 2023, doi: 10.3390/buildings13010132. [6] J. Gao et al., “Effect of Hot Mixing Duration on Blending, Performance, and Environmental Impact of Central Plant Recycled Asphalt Mixture,” Buildings, vol. 12, no. 7, 2022, doi: 10.3390/buildings12071057. [7] F. Kaseer, F. Yin, E. Arámbula-Mercado, A. Epps Martin, J. S. Daniel, and S. Salari, “Development of an index to evaluate the cracking potential of asphalt mixtures using the semi-circular bending test,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 167, pp. 286–298, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.014. [8] F. Kaseer, F. Yin, E. Arámbula-Mercado, and A. Epps Martin, “Stiffness characterization of asphalt mixtures with high recycled material content and recycling agents,” Transp. Res. Rec., vol. 2633, no. 1, pp. 58–68, 2017, doi: 10.3141/2633-08. [9] X. Li, M. O. Marasteanu, R. C. Williams, and T. R. Clyne, “Effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement (proportion and type) and binder grade on asphalt mixtures,” Transp. Res. Rec., no. 2051, pp. 90–97, 2008, doi: 10.3141/2051-11. [10] B. P. Das and A. K. Siddagangaiah, “Identification of parameter to assess cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures subjected to aging and moisture conditioning,” J. Traffic Transp. Eng. (English Ed., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 293–304, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jtte.2021.02.004. [11] I. Boz, J. Habbouche, S. Diefenderfer, and Y. Bilgic, “Precision Estimates and Statements for Performance Indices from the Indirect Tensile Cracking Test at Intermediate Temperature,” Transp. Res. Rec., vol. 2676, no. 5, pp. 225–241, 2022, doi: 10.1177/03611981211061129. [12] AASHTO T 164, “AASHTO T 164: Quantitative Extraction of Bituminous Mixters (Centrifuge), Method A (MN/DOT Modified),” Am. Assoc. State Highw. Transp. Off., pp. 1–10, 2014. [13] M. Z. H. Khan, S. Koting, H. Y. B. Katman, M. R. Ibrahim, A. M. Babalghaith, and O. Asqool, “Performance of high content reclaimed asphalt pavement (Rap) in asphaltic mix with crumb rubber modifier and waste engine oil as rejuvenator,” Appl. Sci., vol. 11, no. 11, 2021, doi: 10.3390/app11115226. [14] P. Cong, H. Hao, Y. Zhang, W. Luo, and D. Yao, “Investigation of diffusion of rejuvenator in aged asphalt,” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 280–288, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.ijprt.2016.08.001. [15] A. Eltwati, A. Mohamed, M. R. Hainin, E. Jusli, and M. Enieb, “Rejuvenation of aged asphalt binders by waste engine oil and SBS blend: Physical, chemical, and rheological properties of binders and mechanical evaluations of mixtures,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 346, no. July, p. 128441, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128441. [16] Z. H. A.-S. &Azman M. Ahmed Salama Eltwati, Mahmoud Enieb, “Effect of glass fibers and waste engine oil on the properties of RAP asphalt concretes,” Int. J. Pavement Eng., vol. 23, no. 14, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2021.2001815. [17] E. C. of P. for R. and U. R. Works, Road Materials and Their tests. 2021. [18] J. Oner and B. Sengoz, “Research article utilization of recycled asphalt concrete with warm Mix Asphalt and cost-benefit analysis,” PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–18, 2015, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116180. [19] H. Li, B. Dong, W. Wang, G. Zhao, P. Guo, and Q. Ma, “Effect of waste engine oil and waste cooking oil on performance improvement of aged asphalt,” Appl. Sci., vol. 9, no. 9, 2019, doi: 10.3390/app9091767. [20] M. Zaumanis, L. Boesiger, B. Kunz, M. C. Cavalli, and L. Poulikakos, “Determining optimum rejuvenator addition location in asphalt production plant,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 198, pp. 368–378, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.239. [21] ASTM D6926-10, “Standard Practice for Preparation of Bituminous Specimens Using Marshall Apparatus,” ASTM Int., vol. 2017. [22] and N. L. Zheng-qi Zhang, Jing Tao, Bo Yang, “Methodology of Mixing and Compaction Temperatures for Modified Asphalt Mixture,” Road Pavement Mater. Charact. Rehabil., 2009. [23] ASTM D6927-22, “Standard Test Method for Marshall Stability and Flow of Asphalt Mixtures,” ASTM Int., 2017. [24] ASTM D-3203-05, “Percent Air Voids in Compacted Dense and Open Asphalt Mixtures,” Aashto, pp. 6–7, 2015. [25] ASTM D2726/D2726M-21, “tandard Test Method For Bulk Specific Gravity And Density Of Non-Absorptive Compacted Asphalt Mixtures,” ASTM Int.. [26] A. D6931, “Standard Test Method for Indirect Tensile (IDT) Strength of Asphalt Mixtures,” ASTM Int., 2017. [27] ASTM D8225-19, “Standard Test Method For Determination Of Cracking Tolerance Index Of Asphalt Mixture Using The Indirect Tensile Cracking Test At Intermediate Temperature,” ASTM Int., 2019. [28] J. Yu, Z. Lin, G. Zou, H. Yu, Z. Leng, and Y. Zhang, “Long-term performance of recycled asphalt mixtures containing high RAP and RAS,” J. Road Eng., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 36–53, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.jreng.2024.01.003. [29] X. Xu, A. Sreeram, Z. Leng, J. Yu, R. Li, and C. Peng, “Challenges and opportunities in the high-quality rejuvenation of unmodified and SBS modified asphalt mixtures: State of the art,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 378, no. July, p. 134634, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134634. [30] A. Alkhalil, L. Radwan, and M. Elmitiny, “the Effects of (Rap) on the Laboratory Performances of Hot Mix Asphalts,” J. Al-Azhar Univ. Eng. Sect., vol. 11, no. 38, pp. 53–58, 2016, doi: 10.21608/auej.2016.19493. [31] W. Song, X. Zou, H. Wu, and F. Yang, “Energy evolution in fracture process of hot mix asphalt containing reclaimed asphalt pavement and rejuvenator,” Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech., vol. 124, no. January, p. 103809, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.tafmec.2023.103809. [32] A. Foroutan Mirhosseini, S. A. Tahami, I. Hoff, S. Dessouky, and C. H. Ho, “Performance evaluation of asphalt mixtures containing high-RAP binder content and bio-oil rejuvenator,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 227, p. 116465, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.191. [33] L. S. T. S. Fujie Zhou, Soohyok Im, “Development of an IDEAL cracking test for asphalt mix design and QC/QA,” Road Mater. Pavement Des., vol. 18, no. 4, 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1389082. [34] X. S. xshu and D. V. Baoshan Huang, “Laboratory Investigation of Cracking Resistance of Hot-Mix Asphalt Field Mixtures Containing Screened Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement,” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., vol. 23, no. 11, 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000223.
Statistics Article View: 309 PDF Download: 469