[1] International Energy Agency (IEA), “Buildings: A source of enormous untapped efficiency potentia,” 2021. Accessed: Oct. 10, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings
[2] M. Santamouris, “Cooling the buildings – past, present and future,” Energy Build, vol. 128, pp. 617–638, Sep. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.07.034.
[3] H. Akbari and D. Kolokotsa, “Three decades of urban heat islands and mitigation technologies research,” Energy Build, vol. 133, pp. 834–842, Dec. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.09.067.
[4] United Nations, “Paris Agreement.,” 2015. Accessed: Oct. 10, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf
[5] Radha Ajay Powar, Abhishek Baburao Patil, Aditya Sambhaji Kalake, and Kiran Anil Chalake, “Review on Bio- Bricks,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, pp. 251–255, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.48175/IJARSCT-16840.
[6] A. T. Figaredo and M. Dhanya, “Development of Sustainable Brick Materials Incorporating Agro-Wastes: An Overview,” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 721, 2018, [Online]. Available: www.irjet.net
[7] A. K and S. S, “Agricultural Waste Materials Applications in Building Industry – An Overview,” ECS Trans, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 2371–2382, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1149/10701.2371ecst.
[8] D. Tarek, M. El-Naggar, H. Sameh, A. Yousef, and A. Ragab, “Energy Efficiency Coupled with Lightweight Bricks: Towards Sustainable Building: A review,” SVU-International Journal of Engineering Sciences and Applications, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–28, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.21608/svusrc.2022.155971.1063.
[9] R. E. Abd El-Hady, A. A. Zayan, and A. F. Mohamed, “Effect of Bio-material in Thermal Insulation Case-Study: Energy Saving in Residential Building in Aswan City,” IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci, vol. 1056, no. 1, p. 012014, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1056/1/012014.
[10] M. V. Madurwar, R. V. Ralegaonkar, and S. A. Mandavgane, “Application of agro-waste for sustainable construction materials: A review,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 38, pp. 872–878, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.011.
[11] M. Ali, A. Liu, H. Sou, and N. Chouw, “Mechanical and dynamic properties of coconut fibre reinforced concrete,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 30, pp. 814–825, May 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.068.
[12] K. C. P. Faria, R. F. Gurgel, and J. N. F. Holanda, “Recycling of sugarcane bagasse ash waste in the production of clay bricks,” J Environ Manage, vol. 101, pp. 7–12, Jun. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.01.032.
[13] D. Prasetyoko, Z. Ramli, S. Endud, H. Hamdan, and B. Sulikowski, “Conversion of rice husk ash to zeolite beta,” Waste Management, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 1173–1179, Jan. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2005.09.009.
[14] M. M. Ahmed et al., “Fabrication of thermal insulation geopolymer bricks using ferrosilicon slag and alumina waste,” Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 15, p. e00737, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00737.
[15] A. M. Sorte, A. N. Burile, A. R. Chaudhari, and A. Haldar, “Utilisation of agro waste in the development of fired clay bricks – a review,” Int J Environ Waste Manag, vol. 26, no. 4, p. 531, 2020, doi: 10.1504/IJEWM.2020.110400.
[16] S. M. S. Kazmi, S. Abbas, M. A. Saleem, M. J. Munir, and A. Khitab, “Manufacturing of sustainable clay bricks: Utilization of waste sugarcane bagasse and rice husk ashes,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 120, pp. 29–41, Sep. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.084.
[17] A. Ragab, N. Zouli, A. Abutaleb, I. M. Maafa, M. M. Ahmed, and A. Yousef, “Environmental and Economic Benefits of Using Pomegranate Peel Waste for Insulation Bricks,” Materials, vol. 16, no. 15, p. 5372, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.3390/ma16155372.
[18] S. Korpayev, M. Bayramov, S. Durdyev, H. Hamrayev, D. Baymyradova, and A. Nurmuhammedov, “Effect of stone wool waste from greenhouse agriculture in brick production,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 63, p. 105340, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105340.
[19] A. M. Heniegal, M. A. Ramadan, A. Naguib, and I. S. Agwa, “Study on properties of clay brick incorporating sludge of water treatment plant and agriculture waste,” Case Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 13, p. e00397, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00397.
[20] M. Azhar Saleem, S. Minhaj Saleem Kazmi, and S. Abbas, “Clay bricks prepared with sugarcane bagasse and rice husk ash – A sustainable solution,” MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 120, p. 03001, Aug. 2017, doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201712003001.
[21] R. E. Abd El-Hady and A. F. A. Mohamed, “Thermal performance evaluation of bio-bricks and conventional bricks in residential buildings in Aswan city, Egypt,” Sci Rep, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 15993, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-42228-5.
[22] A. M. Rashad, Y. A. Mosleh, and M. M. Mokhtar, “Thermal insulation and durability of alkali-activated lightweight slag mortar modified with silica fume and fly ash,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 411, p. 134255, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134255.
[23] L. Barbieri, F. Andreola, I. Lancellotti, and R. Taurino, “Management of agricultural biomass wastes: Preliminary study on characterization and valorisation in clay matrix bricks,” Waste Management, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 2307–2315, Nov. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.03.014.
[24] C. Maraveas, “Production of Sustainable Construction Materials Using Agro-Wastes,” Materials, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 262, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.3390/ma13020262.
[25] A. I. Osofero, E. Momoh, M. Salih, and T. Koliopoulos, “Innovative use of agricultural wastes for eco-friendly construction,” Emerg. Environ. Technol. Health Prot, vol. 1, pp. 96–115, 2018.
[26] S. B. et al., “Development of sustainable alternative materials for the construction of green buildings using agricultural residues: A review,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 368, p. 130457, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130457.
[27] B. Satbaev et al., “Rice Husk Research: From Environmental Pollutant to a Promising Source of Organo-Mineral Raw Materials,” Materials, vol. 14, no. 15, p. 4119, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.3390/ma14154119.
[28] Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, “Annual Bulletin of Statistical Crop Area and Plant Production 2021-2022,” Egypt, Dec. 2023. Accessed: May 30, 2023. [Online]. Available: www.capmas.gov.eg
[29] S. Ahmed et al., “Improving the Thermal Performance and Energy Efficiency of Buildings by Incorporating Biomass Waste into Clay Bricks,” Materials, vol. 16, no. 7, p. 2893, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.3390/ma16072893.
[30] M. K. Fahmy et al., “Enhancing the Thermal and Energy Performance of Clay Bricks with Recycled Cultivated Pleurotus florida Waste,” Buildings, vol. 14, no. 3, p. 736, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.3390/buildings14030736.
[31] G. Wimmers, J. Klick, L. Tackaberry, C. Zwiesigk, K. Egger, and H. Massicotte, “Fundamental studies for designing insulation panels from wood shavings and filamentous fungi,” Bioresources, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 5506–5520, May 2019, doi: 10.15376/biores.14.3.5506-5520.
[32] G. A. Holt, G. Mcintyre, D. Flagg, E. Bayer, J. D. Wanjura, and M. G. Pelletier, “Fungal Mycelium and Cotton Plant Materials in the Manufacture of Biodegradable Molded Packaging Material: Evaluation Study of Select Blends of Cotton Byproducts,” J Biobased Mater Bioenergy, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 431–439, Aug. 2012, doi: 10.1166/jbmb.2012.1241.
[33] D. Grimm and H. A. B. Wösten, “Mushroom cultivation in the circular economy,” Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, vol. 102, no. 18, pp. 7795–7803, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s00253-018-9226-8.
[34] C.-W. Phan and V. Sabaratnam, “Potential uses of spent mushroom substrate and its associated lignocellulosic enzymes,” Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, vol. 96, no. 4, pp. 863–873, Nov. 2012, doi: 10.1007/s00253-012-4446-9.
[35] R. E. A. Elhady, D. Tarek, M. M. Ahmed, A. Yousef, and A. Ragab, “Energy efficiency and economic feasibility of bio-waste-enhanced clay bricks in hot-arid climates,” Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, vol. 72, no. 1, p. 67, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.1186/s44147-025-00636-6.
[36] S. A. Ali et al., “Fabrication of Thermal Insulation Bricks Using Pleurotus florida Spent Mushroom,” Materials, vol. 16, no. 14, p. 4905, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.3390/ma16144905.
[37] M. Nagapan, S. P. Yap, B. F. Lau, K. H. Mo, and L. Loganathan, “Enhancing the performance of spent mushroom substrate cement bricks: A comparative analysis of pretreatment methods and additive effects,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 469, p. 140437, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140437.
[38] D. L. Le, R. Salomone, and Q. T. Nguyen, “Circular bio-based building materials: A literature review of case studies and sustainability assessment methods,” Build Environ, vol. 244, p. 110774, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110774.
[39] S. Pretot, F. Collet, and C. Garnier, “Life cycle assessment of a hemp concrete wall: Impact of thickness and coating,” Build Environ, vol. 72, pp. 223–231, Feb. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.11.010.
[40] L. F. Cabeza, L. Rincón, V. Vilariño, G. Pérez, and A. Castell, “Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) of buildings and the building sector: A review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 29, pp. 394–416, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.037.
[41] Housing and Building National Research Center, “Egyptian Code for Improving Energy Efficiency in Buildings Part One Residential Buildings,” Egypt, 2006.
[42] H. E. Beck, N. E. Zimmermann, T. R. McVicar, N. Vergopolan, A. Berg, and E. F. Wood, “Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution,” Sci Data, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 180214, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1038/sdata.2018.214.
[43] U. and U. C. Ministry of Housing, “New Urban Communities Authority ,” Ministry of Planning, Economic Development & International Cooperation, and New Urban Communities Authority. Accessed: Sep. 08, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://nuca-services.gov.eg/#/home
[44] Saint-Denis, “Dense shaped refractory products — Determination of bulk density, apparent porosity and true porosity,” in ISO 5017:1998, France: International Organization for Standardization, 2013, p. 7. Accessed: May 30, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/a0e3e1bb-e358-4952-96f4789d480b3bd1/iso-5017-2013
[45] K. Stoknes, F. Scholwin, W. Krzesiński, E. Wojciechowska, and A. Jasińska, “Efficiency of a novel ‘Food to waste to food’ system including anaerobic digestion of food waste and cultivation of vegetables on digestate in a bubble-insulated greenhouse,” Waste Management, vol. 56, pp. 466–476, Oct. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.06.027.
[46] L. Aouba, C. Bories, M. Coutand, B. Perrin, and H. Lemercier, “Properties of fired clay bricks with incorporated biomasses: Cases of Olive Stone Flour and Wheat Straw residues,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 102, pp. 7–13, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.040.
[47] ASTM International, “Standard Specification for Building Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made From Clay or Shale),” in ASTM C62, West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International, 2017.
[48] O. T. Maza-Ignacio, V. G. Jiménez-Quero, J. Guerrero-Paz, and P. Montes-García, “Recycling untreated sugarcane bagasse ash and industrial wastes for the preparation of resistant, lightweight and ecological fired bricks,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 234, p. 117314, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117314.
[49] Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, “Average Egyptian family size,” Sep. 2017. Accessed: Jun. 08, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/IndicatorsPage.aspx?page_id=6156&ind_id=4575
[50] “EPW map.” Accessed: Jun. 08, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.ladybug.tools/epwmap/
[51] ASHRAE Standard 90.2, “High-Performance Energy Design of Residential Building,” 2024.